Text Organization 文章结构
进阶认结构字。
- 常见结构四种：时间序、因果、比较对比、问题解决。
- 结构字是路标：First/Then（时序）、because/so（因果）、However（转折）、Therefore（结论）。
- 每段第一句多数是 topic sentence，标明该段功能。
文体小知识：How text is built.
§课文原文 Passage
1Global warming is one of the most serious problems facing our planet today. As temperatures rise, sea levels increase, and this causes coastal cities to flood. Low-lying countries such as Bangladesh could lose huge areas of land. In Hong Kong, summers are getting hotter, and super typhoons are becoming more frequent. Cities like Shanghai and Bangkok have already experienced dangerous flooding in recent years. Scientists warn that the situation will get worse if nothing is done.
2Scientists explain the process clearly: burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide. This gas traps heat in the atmosphere, which makes the whole planet warmer. As a result, glaciers melt and weather patterns change. Farmers struggle to grow crops, and some communities are forced to move. Planting trees can help, because trees absorb carbon dioxide from the air. However, planting alone is not enough — we must attack the root of the problem.
3Therefore, governments must reduce carbon emissions by switching to clean energy. They should invest in solar and wind power, and build better public transport. Governments can also tax companies that produce too much pollution. Individuals also have a part to play: saving electricity, recycling and using fewer plastic products. If we act now, we can slow down the process and protect our future.
4Otherwise, future generations will suffer from the choices we make today. It is our duty to act, not only for ourselves but for the whole world. Small changes, made by millions of people, become powerful changes. The Earth does not belong to us; we are borrowing it from our children.
§逐句中文翻译 Sentence-by-sentence translation
Global warming is one of the most serious problems facing our planet today.
全球暖化是今日我们的星球所面对的最严重问题之一。
As temperatures rise, sea levels increase, and this causes coastal cities to flood.
气温上升令海平面上升，导致沿海城市水浸。
Low-lying countries such as Bangladesh could lose huge areas of land.
孟加拉等低洼国家可能失去大片土地。
In Hong Kong, summers are getting hotter, and super typhoons are becoming more frequent.
在香港，夏天愈来愈热，超强台风亦愈来愈频密。
Cities like Shanghai and Bangkok have already experienced dangerous flooding in recent years.
上海、曼谷等城市近年已经历过危险的水浸。
Scientists warn that the situation will get worse if nothing is done.
科学家警告，如果什么都不做，情况只会更差。
Scientists explain the process clearly: burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide.
科学家清楚解释了这个过程：燃烧化石燃料会释放二氧化碳。
This gas traps heat in the atmosphere, which makes the whole planet warmer.
这种气体将热困在大气层，令整个星球变暖。
As a result, glaciers melt and weather patterns change.
结果，冰川融化，天气模式改变。
Farmers struggle to grow crops, and some communities are forced to move.
农民难以种出农作物，有些社区被迫搬迁。
Planting trees can help, because trees absorb carbon dioxide from the air.
植树有帮助，因为树木会吸收空气中的二氧化碳。
However, planting alone is not enough — we must attack the root of the problem.
不过单靠植树不够——我们要解决问题的根源。
Therefore, governments must reduce carbon emissions by switching to clean energy.
所以，政府必须转用清洁能源来减低碳排放。
They should invest in solar and wind power, and build better public transport.
他们应该投资太阳能与风力发电，建设更好的公共交通。
Governments can also tax companies that produce too much pollution.
政府亦可以向污染严重的公司征税。
Individuals also have a part to play: saving electricity, recycling and using fewer plastic products.
个人也有角色：省电、回收并少用塑胶产品。
If we act now, we can slow down the process and protect our future.
如果现在行动，我们可以减慢这个过程，保护我们的未来。
Otherwise, future generations will suffer from the choices we make today.
否则，后代就要承受我们今日的选择。
It is our duty to act, not only for ourselves but for the whole world.
行动是我们的责任，不仅为自己，也为全世界。
Small changes, made by millions of people, become powerful changes.
几百万人一起做的小改变，就会变成强大的改变。
The Earth does not belong to us; we are borrowing it from our children.
地球不属于我们；我们只是向子孙借来用。
1重点摘要 Summary
认结构字。
2生字卡 Vocabulary
结构。
时间序。
因果。
比较。
问题解决。
开场。
主体。
结尾。
3逐步讲解 Steps
- 时间序时间序结构按先后排列事件，考点是认出路标字。方法是留意 first、then、next、finally 等讯号词，顺著讯号阅读便不会迷路。以例子说明：记叙一日经历的文章，First I woke up 接 then I had breakfast，最后 finally I went to bed，时间轴一目了然。易错之处是学生忽略讯号词，把插叙部分误当顺叙；结构题与排序题都依赖这些讯号，阅读时以笔圈出，答题时直接引用，时序题便手到拿来。
- 因果因果结构解释原因与结果，考点是配对因果对。方法是追踪 because、so、therefore、as a result 等连接词，把一句因与一句果配成对。以课文为例：首两段是完整因果链，As temperatures rise... this causes coastal cities to flood；burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide，燃烧化石燃料释放二氧化碳，锁住热力，冰川融化。易错之处是学生把并列现象误读为因果；因果须有连接词或明确机制支持，配对前先找证据。
- 比较比较对比结构把两项事物并排，考点是分辨异同与作者倾向。方法是留意 however、similarly、unlike、in contrast 等讯号词，并判断转折后的内容是否作者着墨更多的一方。以常见写法为例：However 之后的部分往往是作者想强调的立场。易错之处是学生把比较当并列，看不出轻重；比较结构中篇幅较长、语气较强的一方，多数就是作者的结论所在，这是态度题与立场题的切入点，比较即资讯。
- 问题解决问题解决结构是公开试最常见的说明文框架，考点是辨认四段功能：问题、成因、方案、呼吁。以课文为例：第一段陈述问题，海平面上升与台风频密；第二段解释成因，二氧化碳锁住热力；第三段以 Therefore 转入方案，清洁能源与个人行动；末段呼吁承担责任。易错之处是学生四段读完仍说不出结构；先判断每段功能，再做段落配对题便有地图可循，速度与准确度同时提升，结构意识是阅读的骨架。
- 找主题句段落主题句是结构分析的地基，考点是快速定位每段任务。方法优先读每段第一句，其次看段尾总结句。以课文为例：第三段 Therefore, governments must reduce carbon emissions，一句已宣告该段讲解决方案；第一段首句 Global warming is one of the most serious problems 则宣告问题段。易错之处是学生逐句平均用力，读完一段仍不知该段目的；先抓主题句再读内文，每段只须回答一个问题：这段在文章中的任务是什么。
- 认路标字结构词是文章的路标，考点是建立讯号词与功能的对照表。方法按类记忆：First 与 Then 表时序，because 与 so 表因果，However 表转折，Therefore 表结论。以课文为例：见到 However 便知道后面意思将要转向，见到 Therefore 便知道方案登场。易错之处是学生认得单字却不懂其结构功能；路标字的价值在于预告，见到 However 预备接收反方，见到 Therefore 预备接收总结，阅读由被动接收变成主动预期。
- 答题应用结构分析的终极用途是预测与答题，考点是迁移。方法是认出结构后预判下段内容：问题段之后多数是成因，成因段之后多数是方案。以课文为例：读完第一段问题与第二段成因，已可预期第三段讲解决方法，段落配对与结构题随即迎刃而解。易错之处是学生把结构分析当独立知识，读文章时不会套用；结构意识令阅读有预期，预期令理解更快，两者互相加成，须在练习中反复印证，结构读得通，全卷都受惠。
5例题示范 Example
这篇全球暖化文章用什么结构组织？试用结构字分析四段各自的功能和段落之间的关系。
- 第一步：第一段是问题（problem）——海平面升、孟加拉浸、香港台风频密，用例子铺陈严重性。
- 第二步：第二段是成因（cause）——「Scientists explain the process clearly」开始讲机制：烧化石燃料 → 二氧化碳 → 锁住热力 → 冰川融化。
- 第三步：留意因果连接词：As temperatures rise... this causes...、As a result——整段是 cause-effect 链。
- 第四步：第三段用 Therefore 开头，转入解决方案（solution）：政府减排、个人行动；前面的 However（种树不够）是转折讯号。
- 第五步：结构判断：problem → cause → solution → 呼吁，典型 problem-solution 结构。
- 答案：这篇是典型 problem-solution 结构。第一段写问题：温度升、海平面升，用孟加拉、上海、曼谷和香港的例子证明危机逼近。第二段解释成因，用因果链组织：burning fossil fuels → carbon dioxide → traps heat → glaciers melt，配 As a result 等连接词。第三段以 Therefore 转入解决方案：政府转清洁能源、征税，个人省电回收；第二段尾的 However（种树不够）是转折讯号。第四段呼吁行动，用「borrowing it from our children」收结。认住 Therefore、However、As a result 这些结构字，未读完都已经掌握文章骨架。
6常见错误 Mistakes
79 题快测 Quick check
Q1文章结构种类？
Q2时间序用什么字？
Q3因果用什么字？
Q4比较用什么字？
Q5问题解决？
Q6开场怎样找？
Q7成因是什么？
Q8结果是什么？
Q9政府必须做什么？
8重点回顾 Recap
- 常见结构四种：时间序、因果、比较对比、问题解决。
- 结构字是路标：First/Then（时序）、because/so（因果）、However（转折）、Therefore（结论）。
- 每段第一句多数是 topic sentence，标明该段功能。
- problem-solution 文章骨架：问题 → 成因 → 方案 → 呼吁。
- 认得出结构，未读完已猜到下一段讲什么，答题快人一步。