Text Organization 文章結構
進階認結構字。
- 常見結構四種：時間序、因果、比較對比、問題解決。
- 結構字是路標：First/Then（時序）、because/so（因果）、However（轉折）、Therefore（結論）。
- 每段第一句多數是 topic sentence，標明該段功能。
文體小知識：How text is built.
§課文原文 Passage
1Global warming is one of the most serious problems facing our planet today. As temperatures rise, sea levels increase, and this causes coastal cities to flood. Low-lying countries such as Bangladesh could lose huge areas of land. In Hong Kong, summers are getting hotter, and super typhoons are becoming more frequent. Cities like Shanghai and Bangkok have already experienced dangerous flooding in recent years. Scientists warn that the situation will get worse if nothing is done.
2Scientists explain the process clearly: burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide. This gas traps heat in the atmosphere, which makes the whole planet warmer. As a result, glaciers melt and weather patterns change. Farmers struggle to grow crops, and some communities are forced to move. Planting trees can help, because trees absorb carbon dioxide from the air. However, planting alone is not enough — we must attack the root of the problem.
3Therefore, governments must reduce carbon emissions by switching to clean energy. They should invest in solar and wind power, and build better public transport. Governments can also tax companies that produce too much pollution. Individuals also have a part to play: saving electricity, recycling and using fewer plastic products. If we act now, we can slow down the process and protect our future.
4Otherwise, future generations will suffer from the choices we make today. It is our duty to act, not only for ourselves but for the whole world. Small changes, made by millions of people, become powerful changes. The Earth does not belong to us; we are borrowing it from our children.
§逐句中文翻譯 Sentence-by-sentence translation
Global warming is one of the most serious problems facing our planet today.
全球暖化是今日我們的星球所面對的最嚴重問題之一。
As temperatures rise, sea levels increase, and this causes coastal cities to flood.
氣溫上升令海平面上升，導致沿海城市水浸。
Low-lying countries such as Bangladesh could lose huge areas of land.
孟加拉等低窪國家可能失去大片土地。
In Hong Kong, summers are getting hotter, and super typhoons are becoming more frequent.
在香港，夏天愈來愈熱，超強颱風亦愈來愈頻密。
Cities like Shanghai and Bangkok have already experienced dangerous flooding in recent years.
上海、曼谷等城市近年已經歷過危險的水浸。
Scientists warn that the situation will get worse if nothing is done.
科學家警告，如果什麼都不做，情況只會更差。
Scientists explain the process clearly: burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide.
科學家清楚解釋了這個過程：燃燒化石燃料會釋放二氧化碳。
This gas traps heat in the atmosphere, which makes the whole planet warmer.
這種氣體將熱困在大氣層，令整個星球變暖。
As a result, glaciers melt and weather patterns change.
結果，冰川融化，天氣模式改變。
Farmers struggle to grow crops, and some communities are forced to move.
農民難以種出農作物，有些社區被迫搬遷。
Planting trees can help, because trees absorb carbon dioxide from the air.
植樹有幫助，因為樹木會吸收空氣中的二氧化碳。
However, planting alone is not enough — we must attack the root of the problem.
不過單靠植樹不夠——我們要解決問題的根源。
Therefore, governments must reduce carbon emissions by switching to clean energy.
所以，政府必須轉用清潔能源來減低碳排放。
They should invest in solar and wind power, and build better public transport.
他們應該投資太陽能與風力發電，建設更好的公共交通。
Governments can also tax companies that produce too much pollution.
政府亦可以向污染嚴重的公司徵稅。
Individuals also have a part to play: saving electricity, recycling and using fewer plastic products.
個人也有角色：省電、回收並少用塑膠產品。
If we act now, we can slow down the process and protect our future.
如果現在行動，我們可以減慢這個過程，保護我們的未來。
Otherwise, future generations will suffer from the choices we make today.
否則，後代就要承受我們今日的選擇。
It is our duty to act, not only for ourselves but for the whole world.
行動是我們的責任，不僅為自己，也為全世界。
Small changes, made by millions of people, become powerful changes.
幾百萬人一起做的小改變，就會變成強大的改變。
The Earth does not belong to us; we are borrowing it from our children.
地球不屬於我們；我們只是向子孫借來用。
1重點摘要 Summary
認結構字。
2生字卡 Vocabulary
結構。
時間序。
因果。
比較。
問題解決。
開場。
主體。
結尾。
3逐步講解 Steps
- 時間序時間序結構按先後排列事件，考點是認出路標字。方法是留意 first、then、next、finally 等訊號詞，順著訊號閱讀便不會迷路。以例子說明：記敘一日經歷的文章，First I woke up 接 then I had breakfast，最後 finally I went to bed，時間軸一目了然。易錯之處是學生忽略訊號詞，把插敘部分誤當順敘；結構題與排序題都依賴這些訊號，閱讀時以筆圈出，答題時直接引用，時序題便手到拿來。
- 因果因果結構解釋原因與結果，考點是配對因果對。方法是追蹤 because、so、therefore、as a result 等連接詞，把一句因與一句果配成對。以課文為例：首兩段是完整因果鏈，As temperatures rise... this causes coastal cities to flood；burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide，燃燒化石燃料釋放二氧化碳，鎖住熱力，冰川融化。易錯之處是學生把並列現象誤讀為因果；因果須有連接詞或明確機制支持，配對前先找證據。
- 比較比較對比結構把兩項事物並排，考點是分辨異同與作者傾向。方法是留意 however、similarly、unlike、in contrast 等訊號詞，並判斷轉折後的內容是否作者着墨更多的一方。以常見寫法為例：However 之後的部分往往是作者想強調的立場。易錯之處是學生把比較當並列，看不出輕重；比較結構中篇幅較長、語氣較強的一方，多數就是作者的結論所在，這是態度題與立場題的切入點，比較即資訊。
- 問題解決問題解決結構是公開試最常見的說明文框架，考點是辨認四段功能：問題、成因、方案、呼籲。以課文為例：第一段陳述問題，海平面上升與颱風頻密；第二段解釋成因，二氧化碳鎖住熱力；第三段以 Therefore 轉入方案，清潔能源與個人行動；末段呼籲承擔責任。易錯之處是學生四段讀完仍說不出結構；先判斷每段功能，再做段落配對題便有地圖可循，速度與準確度同時提升，結構意識是閱讀的骨架。
- 找主題句段落主題句是結構分析的地基，考點是快速定位每段任務。方法優先讀每段第一句，其次看段尾總結句。以課文為例：第三段 Therefore, governments must reduce carbon emissions，一句已宣告該段講解決方案；第一段首句 Global warming is one of the most serious problems 則宣告問題段。易錯之處是學生逐句平均用力，讀完一段仍不知該段目的；先抓主題句再讀內文，每段只須回答一個問題：這段在文章中的任務是什麼。
- 認路標字結構詞是文章的路標，考點是建立訊號詞與功能的對照表。方法按類記憶：First 與 Then 表時序，because 與 so 表因果，However 表轉折，Therefore 表結論。以課文為例：見到 However 便知道後面意思將要轉向，見到 Therefore 便知道方案登場。易錯之處是學生認得單字卻不懂其結構功能；路標字的價值在於預告，見到 However 預備接收反方，見到 Therefore 預備接收總結，閱讀由被動接收變成主動預期。
- 答題應用結構分析的終極用途是預測與答題，考點是遷移。方法是認出結構後預判下段內容：問題段之後多數是成因，成因段之後多數是方案。以課文為例：讀完第一段問題與第二段成因，已可預期第三段講解決方法，段落配對與結構題隨即迎刃而解。易錯之處是學生把結構分析當獨立知識，讀文章時不會套用；結構意識令閱讀有預期，預期令理解更快，兩者互相加成，須在練習中反覆印證，結構讀得通，全卷都受惠。
5例題示範 Example
這篇全球暖化文章用什麼結構組織？試用結構字分析四段各自的功能和段落之間的關係。
- 第一步：第一段是問題（problem）——海平面升、孟加拉浸、香港颱風頻密，用例子鋪陳嚴重性。
- 第二步：第二段是成因（cause）——「Scientists explain the process clearly」開始講機制：燒化石燃料 → 二氧化碳 → 鎖住熱力 → 冰川融化。
- 第三步：留意因果連接詞：As temperatures rise... this causes...、As a result——整段是 cause-effect 鏈。
- 第四步：第三段用 Therefore 開頭，轉入解決方案（solution）：政府減排、個人行動；前面的 However（種樹不夠）是轉折訊號。
- 第五步：結構判斷：problem → cause → solution → 呼籲，典型 problem-solution 結構。
- 答案：這篇是典型 problem-solution 結構。第一段寫問題：溫度升、海平面升，用孟加拉、上海、曼谷和香港的例子證明危機逼近。第二段解釋成因，用因果鏈組織：burning fossil fuels → carbon dioxide → traps heat → glaciers melt，配 As a result 等連接詞。第三段以 Therefore 轉入解決方案：政府轉清潔能源、徵稅，個人省電回收；第二段尾的 However（種樹不夠）是轉折訊號。第四段呼籲行動，用「borrowing it from our children」收結。認住 Therefore、However、As a result 這些結構字，未讀完都已經掌握文章骨架。
6常見錯誤 Mistakes
79 題快測 Quick check
Q1文章結構種類？
Q2時間序用什麼字？
Q3因果用什麼字？
Q4比較用什麼字？
Q5問題解決？
Q6開場怎樣找？
Q7成因是什麼？
Q8結果是什麼？
Q9政府必須做什麼？
8重點回顧 Recap
- 常見結構四種：時間序、因果、比較對比、問題解決。
- 結構字是路標：First/Then（時序）、because/so（因果）、However（轉折）、Therefore（結論）。
- 每段第一句多數是 topic sentence，標明該段功能。
- problem-solution 文章骨架：問題 → 成因 → 方案 → 呼籲。
- 認得出結構，未讀完已猜到下一段講什麼，答題快人一步。