Understanding References 理解指代
进阶it/they 往前面找。
- it / this / that 向前找最近的名词，多数就是答案。
- they / them 指复数；he / she 看性别，立即筛除错的选项。
- 语意检查很重要：treat it gently 只可能指物品，不会指人。
文体小知识：What "it/they" means.
§课文原文 Passage
1The book on the table is mine, but you may borrow it if you like. It has a blue cover with a picture of an old Chinese bridge on it. I bought it last week at a second-hand book fair in Central. It is about Chinese history, and it tells the story of ordinary people rather than emperors. I finished it yesterday, and it was very interesting. My father gave me a bamboo bookmark, and I keep it inside the book. So far, it is the best birthday present I have ever bought for myself.
2The author is a famous professor who teaches at HKU. He spent ten years writing this book, interviewing more than a hundred families. The professor explains difficult ideas in simple language, which is why his lectures are always full of students. His other books are also good, and some of them are used as textbooks in local schools. This is the kind of writing that changes how you see history. That is why I want to lend it to you before anyone else asks. Whenever I open it, I feel as if I am listening to a wise old friend.
3Borrow it if you want, but please return it by Friday, because my brother wants it next. You can also download the audiobook, which is read by the professor himself. I once heard him speak at a book fair, and he told the audience that history belongs to everyone. We could discuss the book together after you finish, and I would love to hear your views. Just remember to treat it gently; it is already twenty years old. Books are like doors; opening one always leads to another.
§逐句中文翻译 Sentence-by-sentence translation
The book on the table is mine, but you may borrow it if you like.
桌上的那本书是我的，不过你喜欢的话可以借去看。
It has a blue cover with a picture of an old Chinese bridge on it.
它有个蓝色封面，上面画着一座古老的中国桥。
I bought it last week at a second-hand book fair in Central.
我上星期在中环一个二手书展买的。
It is about Chinese history, and it tells the story of ordinary people rather than emperors.
这本书讲中国历史，讲的是平民百姓的故事，而不是皇帝。
I finished it yesterday, and it was very interesting.
我昨天看完，它真是很有趣。
My father gave me a bamboo bookmark, and I keep it inside the book.
爸爸送我一枚竹书签，我就把它夹在这本书里面。
So far, it is the best birthday present I have ever bought for myself.
到目前为止，它是我买过给自己最好的生日礼物。
The author is a famous professor who teaches at HKU.
作者是一位在港大教书的著名教授。
He spent ten years writing this book, interviewing more than a hundred families.
他用了十年写这本书，访问了超过一百个家庭。
The professor explains difficult ideas in simple language, which is why his lectures are always full of students.
教授用简单的语言解释深奥的概念，所以他的讲座常常满座。
His other books are also good, and some of them are used as textbooks in local schools.
他的其他书一样好，当中有些还被本地学校用来做教科书。
This is the kind of writing that changes how you see history.
这种就是会改变你看历史方式的写作。
That is why I want to lend it to you before anyone else asks.
所以我想在其他人开口之前先借给你。
Whenever I open it, I feel as if I am listening to a wise old friend.
每次打开它，我都觉得好像正在听一位睿智的老朋友谈话。
Borrow it if you want, but please return it by Friday, because my brother wants it next.
想借就借，但请在星期五之前还，因为接着轮到我弟弟想看。
You can also download the audiobook, which is read by the professor himself.
你也可以下载有声书，是教授亲自朗读的。
I once heard him speak at a book fair, and he told the audience that history belongs to everyone.
我在一个书展听过他演讲，他对观众说：历史属于每一个人。
We could discuss the book together after you finish, and I would love to hear your views.
你看完之后我们可以一起讨论，我很想听你的看法。
Just remember to treat it gently; it is already twenty years old.
记住要温柔地对待它；它已经二十岁。
Books are like doors; opening one always leads to another.
书就好像一扇扇门——打开一本，就会通向下一本。
1重点摘要 Summary
it/they 往前面找。
2生字卡 Vocabulary
指代。
代名词。
先行词。
它。
他们。
这个。
那个。
哪个。
3逐步讲解 Steps
- 往前找指代题的基本原则是向前找，考点是确认先行词位置。方法是遇到 it、they、this 等指代词，立即向前扫描寻找它代表的名词。以课文为例：第三段 please return it by Friday，向前扫描，最近的话题是借书，所以 it 指那本书，而不是 Friday；方向搞反便全题皆错。易错之处是学生在指代词之后找答案，或在全文乱找；中文阅读习惯令学生忽略英文指代必须回望的特性，向前扫描须练成反射动作。
- 最近名词指代多数指向最近的名词，考点是距离原则的应用。方法是以最近候选为首选，再代入验证。以课文为例：my brother wants it next，弟弟接着想看的自然还是那本书；treat it gently; it is already twenty years old，二十年是书的年资，不是教授的岁数，两处 it 都指向书本。易错之处是学生舍近求远，或被中途插入的名词干扰；距离原则是统计上的首选策略，但须以语意验证作最终裁决，两者缺一不可。
- 复数指代单复数是指代筛选的第一道滤网，考点是 it 与 they 的分工。方法是用单复数先行筛除候选。以课文为例：His other books are also good, and some of them are used as textbooks，them 是复数，只能指他那些书，人名地名与单数名词一律排除。易错之处是学生忽略指代词的单复数形态，把 it 与 them 混用；单复数是最客观的筛选器，不须语感即可操作，指代题应最先应用这一检查，先文法后语意是标准次序。
- 代入检查找到候选答案后必须代入原句检查，考点是验证程序。方法是把候选名词放回指代词的位置通读全句。以课文为例：borrow it 若代入 borrow the book，句子通顺；代入 borrow Friday 便完全不通，可见 it 不可能指 Friday。易错之处是学生找到一个看似合理的名词便作答，从不验证；代入一步只须数秒，却能拦截绝大多数错误，是指代题的品质保证程序，务必养成习惯，验证过的答案才稳阵。
- which 与 who关系代词 which 与 who 紧跟其修饰的名词，考点是与普通指代词的区别。方法是 which 指物、who 指人，并且都指向紧邻的前一名词。以课文为例：the audiobook, which is read by the professor himself，which 指有声书而非那本书，含意是有声版由教授亲自录音。易错之处是学生把 which 当作 it 一类自由指代，随便配对附近名词；关系从句的先行词有严格位置要求，插入语亦不改变其指向，位置规则须记牢。
- 语意筛选常识与语意是指代的第二道滤网，考点是语境合理性。方法是用常识检验候选。以课文为例：treat it gently 的温柔对待只可能用于物品，不会用于人；The author is a famous professor... He spent ten years，He 是男性单数，指向作者教授而非书本。易错之处是学生只用文法筛选，忽略语意冲突；单复数先行、语意收尾，两道滤网先后过滤，指代答案便八九不离十，语意检查是最后的裁判。
- 考试应用指代题是公开试高频题型，考点是程序的熟练度。方法是每见 it、this、that、they 都停一停：向前找名词，代入原句验证；选择题则以单复数、性别、语意三个筛选器逐一排除选项。以课文为例，全篇十多处指代，逐一定位后文章理解再无障碍。易错之处是学生读时跳过指代词，累积误解影响全篇；指代不清是深层阅读障碍的常见根源，值得投资练习时间，把程序练成自动化的习惯。
5例题示范 Example
解构第三段的指代：「return it by Friday, because my brother wants it next」「treat it gently; it is already twenty years old」「the audiobook, which is read by the professor himself」。
- 第一步：「return it by Friday」——向前找最近话题：借本书，所以 it = the book（不是 Friday）。
- 第二步：「my brother wants it next」——向前最近的话题都是本书，代入后即是弟弟接着排队看。
- 第三步：「treat it gently; it is already twenty years old」——「温柔对待」是对物品，二十年是书的年资（教授不会只得二十岁）→ it = the book。
- 第四步：「the audiobook, which is read by the professor himself」——which 紧跟前面名词 audiobook，即是教授亲自录音。
- 第五步：每个指代代入原句试读，意思通顺才作实。
- 答案：第三段的指代逐个解：「return it by Friday」的 it 指本书——向前最近话题是借书，「return」的对象必是物品；「my brother wants it next」的 it 都是本书，弟弟接着排队看；「treat it gently; it is already twenty years old」两个 it 都指本书——「温柔对待」是对物品，而「二十年」是书的年资，教授不会只得二十岁；「the audiobook, which is read by the professor himself」的 which 指最近名词 audiobook，即是有声书由教授本人录音。全部代入试读通顺，指代题就是向前找＋代入验证。
6常见错误 Mistakes
79 题快测 Quick check
Q1指代是什么？
Q2怎样找先行词？
Q3it 指什么？
Q4they 指什么？
Q5this/that？
Q6技巧？
Q7「It」指什么？
Q8它是什么颜色？
Q9它讲什么？
8重点回顾 Recap
- it / this / that 向前找最近的名词，多数就是答案。
- they / them 指复数；he / she 看性别，立即筛除错的选项。
- 语意检查很重要：treat it gently 只可能指物品，不会指人。
- which / who 紧跟前面名词：the audiobook, which... 指 audiobook。
- 找到候选对象后代入原句试读，通顺才作实。