Referential Words 指代詞
進階指代詞。
- Pronoun 代名詞（it / they / this / such）代替前面提過的名詞
- Antecedent 先行詞 = pronoun 指向那個名詞，通常在前面
- 核對單眾數：it 單數 · they 眾數——They sell fresh food = the supermarkets
文體小知識：Track what it, they and this point to.
§課文原文 Passage
1The new shopping mall in our district opened last week, and my friends and I visited it on Saturday. It has six floors, and each one is full of shops. The ground floor has supermarkets. They sell fresh food at low prices, so many families shop there. The second floor sells clothes. It is always crowded because school uniforms are on sale. The third floor has a cinema. It shows the latest movies.
2The mall also has a food court on the fourth floor, and you can try different foods there. My friend Mandy said the noodles were tastier than the ones near our school. The fifth floor is a sports centre, where people play badminton and table tennis. This is my favourite place, because I can exercise after shopping. Some shops on the top floor sell pets and toys.
3Many people go to the mall on weekends. When you read about the mall, you must follow the pronouns: “it” refers to the mall or a floor, “they” refers to the supermarkets, and “this” refers back to the sports centre. A pronoun is a short word that replaces a noun. The noun that it refers to is called the antecedent. Sometimes a reference can be ambiguous, which means we cannot tell what “it” or “such” points to, so good writers avoid such unclear sentences.
§逐句中文翻譯 Sentence-by-sentence translation
The new shopping mall in our district opened last week, and my friends and I visited it on Saturday.
我們區的新商場上星期開幕，我和朋友星期六去了逛。
It has six floors, and each one is full of shops.
商場有六層，每層都滿是店舖。
The ground floor has supermarkets.
地下有超級市場。
They sell fresh food at low prices, so many families shop there.
它們以低價售賣新鮮食品，所以很多家庭都去購物。
The second floor sells clothes.
二樓賣衣服。
It is always crowded because school uniforms are on sale.
那裡總是擠滿人，因為校服正在減價。
The third floor has a cinema.
三樓有戲院。
It shows the latest movies.
它放映最新的電影。
The mall also has a food court on the fourth floor, and you can try different foods there.
商場四樓還有美食廣場，你可以嚐到不同的食物。
My friend Mandy said the noodles were tastier than the ones near our school.
我的朋友文迪說那裡的麵比學校附近的好吃。
The fifth floor is a sports centre, where people play badminton and table tennis.
五樓是體育中心，人們在那裡打羽毛球和乒乓球。
This is my favourite place, because I can exercise after shopping.
這是我最喜歡的地方，因為購物後我可以做運動。
Some shops on the top floor sell pets and toys.
頂層有些店舖賣寵物和玩具。
Many people go to the mall on weekends.
很多人週末都會去這個商場。
When you read about the mall, you must follow the pronouns: “it” refers to the mall or a floor, “they” refers to the supermarkets, and “this” refers back to the sports centre.
閱讀關於商場的文章時，要追蹤代名詞：「it」指商場或某一層，「they」指超級市場，「this」則回指體育中心。
A pronoun is a short word that replaces a noun.
代名詞是代替名詞的短詞。
The noun that it refers to is called the antecedent.
它所代替的名詞稱為先行詞。
Sometimes a reference can be ambiguous, which means we cannot tell what “it” or “such” points to, so good writers avoid such unclear sentences.
有時指代會含糊不清，即我們無法確定「it」或「such」指向甚麼，所以好作者會避免這種不清晰的句子。
1重點摘要 Summary
指代詞。
2生字卡 Vocabulary
He, she, it, they。
What it refers to。
Before pronoun。
Thing。
Plural。
Near。
Like this。
Unclear。
3逐步講解 Steps
- Find antecedent考點：指代題考查 pronoun 與先行詞 antecedent 的對應關係，是閱讀理解的必考項目，幾乎每份卷都會出現。方法：在 pronoun 前面向上尋找最近的名詞，先假定它就是先行詞，再把該名詞代入原句驗證是否通順。例如：They sell fresh food 中的 They，指向上一句 The ground floor has supermarkets 裏的 the supermarkets，代入後意思完全吻合。易錯處：考生常被較遠或較顯眼的名詞吸引，捨近取遠；切記先行詞以最近為先，驗證不通才繼續向上找。
- Check number考點：單眾數一致是指代題的基本核對項，答錯多因忽略 it 與 they 的分別，這是最快排除錯項的手段。方法：先判斷 pronoun 是單數還是眾數，再檢查候選名詞的數目是否相符。例如：It has six floors 用單數 it，指一個商場 the new shopping mall；They sell fresh food 用眾數 they，指多間超市 the supermarkets，數目對應清楚。易錯處：考生常只看意思相似便貿然作答，不查數目；應養成先查數再驗義的順序，數目不符者立即淘汰，可省去大量猶豫時間。
- Check gender考點：人稱代詞的性別區別看似簡單，卻常在人物眾多的記敘文中設下陷阱，考驗考生追蹤人物的能力。方法：he 指男性，she 指女性，it 指物件或動物，先確定性別再找名字。例如：課文先寫 My friend Mandy，之後說 she said，Mandy 是女生，故用 she，指代清楚明確。易錯處：考生常在多個人物同場時張冠李戴，把 she 錯配給男性角色；遇到外國名字時切勿憑感覺判斷性別，應從文中稱謂、名字慣用或前文提法尋找證據。
- 指代詞作用考點：題目常問作者為什麼使用 pronoun，考查對指代功能的理解，屬於作用類題型，須答出目的而非僅僅定義。方法：答出避免重複這個核心作用，並舉例說明它如何使行文簡潔。例如：課文寫 It has six floors，若不用 it，便要重複說 the new shopping mall has six floors，句子累贅；一個 it 使行文輕快流暢。易錯處：考生常只答「代替名詞」便停筆，未說明代替的目的；完整答案應包含作用與實例兩部分，缺少任何一項都屬作答不完整。
- this 指回考點：this 一類指示代詞的指向範圍可以是一整句甚至一個概念，比 it 更容易答錯，是進階指代題的常客。方法：this 通常指回剛說過的事物，往前尋找最近被完整描述的對象，代入後檢查語氣是否連貫。例如：課文寫 The fifth floor is a sports centre，接着說 This is my favourite place，this 正是指第五層的運動中心，而非整個商場。易錯處：考生常把 this 理解為指全文主題，或誤配給最近的任何名詞；應緊記 this 回指上文剛提及的完整概念，並以通順與否作最後檢驗。
- 逐層追蹤考點：同一個 it 在長文中可以指代不同對象，這是進階指代題的最大陷阱，考評特別愛在此設題。方法：每遇到一次 it 都重新定位一次，不可假設前後指同一事物。例如：課文寫 The second floor sells clothes. It is always crowded，這裏 it 指賣衣服的第二層，而非整個商場；同一段之前的 It has six floors 卻指商場本身，一詞兩指。易錯處：考生常讀到第二個 it 仍沿用第一個的指代對象，一錯到底；長文章必須逐句追蹤，每句核對一次，不可偷懶沿用舊答案。
- ambiguous 警戒考點：文章有時會直接提及 ambiguous（指代不清）的概念，考查寫作意識與閱讀的雙重理解，屬概念加應用題。方法：明白良好寫作要求指代清晰，並能在文中辨識可能含糊的句子。例如：課文說 good writers avoid such unclear sentences，並解釋 ambiguous 指無法確定 it 或 such 指向什麼；若兩個名詞同時可能是一個 it 的先行詞，句子便含糊不清。易錯處：考生常以為指代不清只是閱讀問題，與寫作無關；其實寫作時若一個 pronoun 前面有兩個候選名詞，必須改寫清楚，否則同樣被扣分。
- 實戰三步考點：指代題需要固定的解題流程，考場上方不致亂了手腳，流程題亦常直接考三步驟的次序。方法：記熟三步：第一，鎖定 it、they、this 等代詞；第二，向前尋找候選名詞；第三，核對單眾數、性別與意思是否通順。例如：The ground floor has supermarkets. They sell fresh food，they 眾數對 supermarkets，代入通順，答案成立。易錯處：考生常跳過核對步驟，憑語感直答；三步之中任何一步都不能省略，尤其是代入驗證，它是避免想當然的最後防線。
5例題示範 Example
根據課文：'My friends and I visited it on Saturday. It has six floors.' 這兩個 it 指什麼？講出你找 antecedent 的步驟。
- 第一步：認住 pronoun——it / they / this 是短字，代替前面出現過的名詞。
- 第二步：antecedent 通常在前面——第一個 it = the new shopping mall（前一句剛剛講過）。
- 第三步：第二個 It has six floors——都是 mall，因為只有個 mall 先可以有六層。
- 第四步：核對單眾數——They sell fresh food = the supermarkets（眾數先配 they）。
- 第五步：this 向回指——This is my favourite place = 第五樓的 the sports centre。
- 答案：兩個 it 都指 the new shopping mall：第一個 it 跟在 visited 後面，antecedent 就是前一句的 the new shopping mall；第二個 It has six floors 都是指 mall，因為只有 mall 先有六層。They sell fresh food 指眾數的 the supermarkets；This is my favourite place 指回第五樓的 the sports centre。方法：在 pronoun 前面找名詞，再核對單眾數和情理。
6常見錯誤 Mistakes
78 題快測 Quick check
Q1What does "it" refer to?
Q2What is antecedent?
Q3What is ambiguous?
Q4What is "they" for?
Q5What is "this" for?
Q6What does the first "It" refer to?
Q7What does "They" refer to?
Q8What does "This" refer to?
8重點回顧 Recap
- Pronoun 代名詞（it / they / this / such）代替前面提過的名詞
- Antecedent 先行詞 = pronoun 指向那個名詞，通常在前面
- 核對單眾數：it 單數 · they 眾數——They sell fresh food = the supermarkets
- This 多數指對剛剛講過的東西——This is my favourite place = the sports centre
- Ambiguous 指代不清是寫作大忌——讀者要靠上文下理判斷