Referential Words 指代词
进阶指代词。
- Pronoun 代名词（it / they / this / such）代替前面提过的名词
- Antecedent 先行词 = pronoun 指向那个名词，通常在前面
- 核对单众数：it 单数 · they 众数——They sell fresh food = the supermarkets
文体小知识：Track what it, they and this point to.
§课文原文 Passage
1The new shopping mall in our district opened last week, and my friends and I visited it on Saturday. It has six floors, and each one is full of shops. The ground floor has supermarkets. They sell fresh food at low prices, so many families shop there. The second floor sells clothes. It is always crowded because school uniforms are on sale. The third floor has a cinema. It shows the latest movies.
2The mall also has a food court on the fourth floor, and you can try different foods there. My friend Mandy said the noodles were tastier than the ones near our school. The fifth floor is a sports centre, where people play badminton and table tennis. This is my favourite place, because I can exercise after shopping. Some shops on the top floor sell pets and toys.
3Many people go to the mall on weekends. When you read about the mall, you must follow the pronouns: “it” refers to the mall or a floor, “they” refers to the supermarkets, and “this” refers back to the sports centre. A pronoun is a short word that replaces a noun. The noun that it refers to is called the antecedent. Sometimes a reference can be ambiguous, which means we cannot tell what “it” or “such” points to, so good writers avoid such unclear sentences.
§逐句中文翻译 Sentence-by-sentence translation
The new shopping mall in our district opened last week, and my friends and I visited it on Saturday.
我们区的新商场上星期开幕，我和朋友星期六去了逛。
It has six floors, and each one is full of shops.
商场有六层，每层都满是店舖。
The ground floor has supermarkets.
地下有超级市场。
They sell fresh food at low prices, so many families shop there.
它们以低价售卖新鲜食品，所以很多家庭都去购物。
The second floor sells clothes.
二楼卖衣服。
It is always crowded because school uniforms are on sale.
那里总是挤满人，因为校服正在减价。
The third floor has a cinema.
三楼有戏院。
It shows the latest movies.
它放映最新的电影。
The mall also has a food court on the fourth floor, and you can try different foods there.
商场四楼还有美食广场，你可以尝到不同的食物。
My friend Mandy said the noodles were tastier than the ones near our school.
我的朋友文迪说那里的面比学校附近的好吃。
The fifth floor is a sports centre, where people play badminton and table tennis.
五楼是体育中心，人们在那里打羽毛球和乒乓球。
This is my favourite place, because I can exercise after shopping.
这是我最喜欢的地方，因为购物后我可以做运动。
Some shops on the top floor sell pets and toys.
顶层有些店舖卖宠物和玩具。
Many people go to the mall on weekends.
很多人周末都会去这个商场。
When you read about the mall, you must follow the pronouns: “it” refers to the mall or a floor, “they” refers to the supermarkets, and “this” refers back to the sports centre.
阅读关于商场的文章时，要追踪代名词：「it」指商场或某一层，「they」指超级市场，「this」则回指体育中心。
A pronoun is a short word that replaces a noun.
代名词是代替名词的短词。
The noun that it refers to is called the antecedent.
它所代替的名词称为先行词。
Sometimes a reference can be ambiguous, which means we cannot tell what “it” or “such” points to, so good writers avoid such unclear sentences.
有时指代会含糊不清，即我们无法确定「it」或「such」指向甚么，所以好作者会避免这种不清晰的句子。
1重点摘要 Summary
指代词。
2生字卡 Vocabulary
He, she, it, they。
What it refers to。
Before pronoun。
Thing。
Plural。
Near。
Like this。
Unclear。
3逐步讲解 Steps
- Find antecedent考点：指代题考查 pronoun 与先行词 antecedent 的对应关系，是阅读理解的必考项目，几乎每份卷都会出现。方法：在 pronoun 前面向上寻找最近的名词，先假定它就是先行词，再把该名词代入原句验证是否通顺。例如：They sell fresh food 中的 They，指向上一句 The ground floor has supermarkets 里的 the supermarkets，代入后意思完全吻合。易错处：考生常被较远或较显眼的名词吸引，舍近取远；切记先行词以最近为先，验证不通才继续向上找。
- Check number考点：单众数一致是指代题的基本核对项，答错多因忽略 it 与 they 的分别，这是最快排除错项的手段。方法：先判断 pronoun 是单数还是众数，再检查候选名词的数目是否相符。例如：It has six floors 用单数 it，指一个商场 the new shopping mall；They sell fresh food 用众数 they，指多间超市 the supermarkets，数目对应清楚。易错处：考生常只看意思相似便贸然作答，不查数目；应养成先查数再验义的顺序，数目不符者立即淘汰，可省去大量犹豫时间。
- Check gender考点：人称代词的性别区别看似简单，却常在人物众多的记叙文中设下陷阱，考验考生追踪人物的能力。方法：he 指男性，she 指女性，it 指物件或动物，先确定性别再找名字。例如：课文先写 My friend Mandy，之后说 she said，Mandy 是女生，故用 she，指代清楚明确。易错处：考生常在多个人物同场时张冠李戴，把 she 错配给男性角色；遇到外国名字时切勿凭感觉判断性别，应从文中称谓、名字惯用或前文提法寻找证据。
- 指代词作用考点：题目常问作者为什么使用 pronoun，考查对指代功能的理解，属于作用类题型，须答出目的而非仅仅定义。方法：答出避免重复这个核心作用，并举例说明它如何使行文简洁。例如：课文写 It has six floors，若不用 it，便要重复说 the new shopping mall has six floors，句子累赘；一个 it 使行文轻快流畅。易错处：考生常只答「代替名词」便停笔，未说明代替的目的；完整答案应包含作用与实例两部分，缺少任何一项都属作答不完整。
- this 指回考点：this 一类指示代词的指向范围可以是一整句甚至一个概念，比 it 更容易答错，是进阶指代题的常客。方法：this 通常指回刚说过的事物，往前寻找最近被完整描述的对象，代入后检查语气是否连贯。例如：课文写 The fifth floor is a sports centre，接着说 This is my favourite place，this 正是指第五层的运动中心，而非整个商场。易错处：考生常把 this 理解为指全文主题，或误配给最近的任何名词；应紧记 this 回指上文刚提及的完整概念，并以通顺与否作最后检验。
- 逐层追踪考点：同一个 it 在长文中可以指代不同对象，这是进阶指代题的最大陷阱，考评特别爱在此设题。方法：每遇到一次 it 都重新定位一次，不可假设前后指同一事物。例如：课文写 The second floor sells clothes. It is always crowded，这里 it 指卖衣服的第二层，而非整个商场；同一段之前的 It has six floors 却指商场本身，一词两指。易错处：考生常读到第二个 it 仍沿用第一个的指代对象，一错到底；长文章必须逐句追踪，每句核对一次，不可偷懒沿用旧答案。
- ambiguous 警戒考点：文章有时会直接提及 ambiguous（指代不清）的概念，考查写作意识与阅读的双重理解，属概念加应用题。方法：明白良好写作要求指代清晰，并能在文中辨识可能含糊的句子。例如：课文说 good writers avoid such unclear sentences，并解释 ambiguous 指无法确定 it 或 such 指向什么；若两个名词同时可能是一个 it 的先行词，句子便含糊不清。易错处：考生常以为指代不清只是阅读问题，与写作无关；其实写作时若一个 pronoun 前面有两个候选名词，必须改写清楚，否则同样被扣分。
- 实战三步考点：指代题需要固定的解题流程，考场上方不致乱了手脚，流程题亦常直接考三步骤的次序。方法：记熟三步：第一，锁定 it、they、this 等代词；第二，向前寻找候选名词；第三，核对单众数、性别与意思是否通顺。例如：The ground floor has supermarkets. They sell fresh food，they 众数对 supermarkets，代入通顺，答案成立。易错处：考生常跳过核对步骤，凭语感直答；三步之中任何一步都不能省略，尤其是代入验证，它是避免想当然的最后防线。
5例题示范 Example
根据课文：'My friends and I visited it on Saturday. It has six floors.' 这两个 it 指什么？讲出你找 antecedent 的步骤。
- 第一步：认住 pronoun——it / they / this 是短字，代替前面出现过的名词。
- 第二步：antecedent 通常在前面——第一个 it = the new shopping mall（前一句刚刚讲过）。
- 第三步：第二个 It has six floors——都是 mall，因为只有个 mall 先可以有六层。
- 第四步：核对单众数——They sell fresh food = the supermarkets（众数先配 they）。
- 第五步：this 向回指——This is my favourite place = 第五楼的 the sports centre。
- 答案：两个 it 都指 the new shopping mall：第一个 it 跟在 visited 后面，antecedent 就是前一句的 the new shopping mall；第二个 It has six floors 都是指 mall，因为只有 mall 先有六层。They sell fresh food 指众数的 the supermarkets；This is my favourite place 指回第五楼的 the sports centre。方法：在 pronoun 前面找名词，再核对单众数和情理。
6常见错误 Mistakes
78 题快测 Quick check
Q1What does "it" refer to?
Q2What is antecedent?
Q3What is ambiguous?
Q4What is "they" for?
Q5What is "this" for?
Q6What does the first "It" refer to?
Q7What does "They" refer to?
Q8What does "This" refer to?
8重点回顾 Recap
- Pronoun 代名词（it / they / this / such）代替前面提过的名词
- Antecedent 先行词 = pronoun 指向那个名词，通常在前面
- 核对单众数：it 单数 · they 众数——They sell fresh food = the supermarkets
- This 多数指对刚刚讲过的东西——This is my favourite place = the sports centre
- Ambiguous 指代不清是写作大忌——读者要靠上文下理判断