Practical Writing 实用文
进阶格式最重要。
- 实用文格式先决：To / From / Date / 标题，一项都不可以漏。
- Findings 用数据讲：样本数、百分比、每日数量，越具体越可信。
- 连障碍（麻烦、不方便）也讲出，建议才显得有的放矢。
文体小知识：Letters, emails, articles.
§课文原文 Passage
1Proposal for a Green Campus Scheme To: Miss Lam, Student Affairs Office. From: Chris Wong, Chairperson of the Environmental Club. Date: 12 May 2026. Introduction: This proposal outlines measures to reduce waste in our school canteen and invites the Student Affairs Office to adopt a Green Campus Scheme this semester.
2Findings: Our survey of 400 students shows that 68 per cent use disposable lunch boxes daily, while the canteen discards roughly 900 plastic items every school day. Interviews with canteen staff confirm that most of the waste comes from takeaway boxes and plastic cutlery. Students told us they want to help but find reusable boxes inconvenient to carry and wash. The problem is serious, growing, and entirely within our power to solve.
3Recommendations: We suggest two measures. First, install water refill stations on each floor so that bottled drinks become unnecessary. Second, launch a bring-your-own-container reward scheme under which students who bring reusable boxes receive a stamp, and ten stamps earn a free drink. We also propose that the tuck shop phase out plastic straws by the end of the term. Both measures are cheap, visible and easy to monitor.
4Benefits: These measures would cut canteen waste by half within a year, save the canteen money on disposables, and nurture environmentally responsible citizens. They would also give our school a practical example of the green values we already teach in class. A greener canteen would also strengthen our application for the Green School Award. Conclusion: We sincerely hope the Student Affairs Office will consider adopting the scheme this semester. The Environmental Club is ready to assist with promotion and monitoring, and further details are available on request.
§逐句中文翻译 Sentence-by-sentence translation
Proposal for a Green Campus Scheme
校园绿化计划建议书
To: Miss Lam, Student Affairs Office. From: Chris Wong, Chairperson of the Environmental Club. Date: 12 May 2026.
致：学生事务处林老师。由：环境学会主席Chris Wong。日期：2026年5月12日。
Introduction: This proposal outlines measures to reduce waste in our school canteen and invites the Student Affairs Office to adopt a Green Campus Scheme this semester.
引言：本建议书提出减少学校食堂浪费的措施，并邀请学生事务处于本学期推行「校园绿化计划」。
Findings: Our survey of 400 students shows that 68 per cent use disposable lunch boxes daily, while the canteen discards roughly 900 plastic items every school day.
调查结果：我们访问了400名学生，显示68%每日使用即弃饭盒，而食堂每个上学日约弃置900件塑胶制品。
Interviews with canteen staff confirm that most of the waste comes from takeaway boxes and plastic cutlery.
与食堂职员的访谈证实，大部分废物来自外卖盒和塑胶餐具。
Students told us they want to help but find reusable boxes inconvenient to carry and wash.
受访学生表示乐意帮忙，却觉得携带和清洗可重用餐盒不便。
The problem is serious, growing, and entirely within our power to solve.
问题严重且不断恶化，但完全在我们能力范围之内可以解决。
Recommendations: We suggest two measures.
建议：我们提出两项措施。
First, install water refill stations on each floor so that bottled drinks become unnecessary.
第一，在每层楼安装斟水站，令樽装饮品变得不再必要。
Second, launch a bring-your-own-container reward scheme under which students who bring reusable boxes receive a stamp, and ten stamps earn a free drink.
第二，推出「自携餐盒奖励计划」：自携可重用餐盒的学生可获盖章一枚，集满十个可换取免费饮品一支。
We also propose that the tuck shop phase out plastic straws by the end of the term.
我们亦建议小食部在本学期结束前逐步停用塑胶饮管。
Both measures are cheap, visible and easy to monitor.
两项措施成本廉宜、效果显而易见，而且容易监察。
Benefits: These measures would cut canteen waste by half within a year, save the canteen money on disposables, and nurture environmentally responsible citizens.
好处：这些措施一年内可令食堂废物减半、为食堂节省即弃用品的开支，并培养有环保责任感的公民。
They would also give our school a practical example of the green values we already teach in class.
这亦为学校提供一个实际例子，示范我们课堂上一直教授的绿色价值观。
A greener canteen would also strengthen our application for the Green School Award.
更绿色的食堂亦能有助学校申请「绿色学校奖」。
Conclusion: We sincerely hope the Student Affairs Office will consider adopting the scheme this semester.
结语：我们衷心希望学生事务处考虑于本学期采纳此计划。
The Environmental Club is ready to assist with promotion and monitoring, and further details are available on request.
环境学会乐意协助宣传和监察；如需进一步资料，欢迎随时查询。
1重点摘要 Summary
格式最重要。
2生字卡 Vocabulary
实用。
信。
电邮。
文章。
报告。
建议书。
格式。
语气。
3逐步讲解 Steps
- 信正式信的考点是格式分最容易拿，也最容易因疏忽而全失。方法是牢记格式链：Dear 加称谓、分段清楚、结尾敬语按收信人区分：知道对方姓名用 Yours sincerely，不知姓名用 Yours faithfully；题目指定写给谁，便按其身分调整语气。以本课为例，写给学生事务处主任的建议信称谓用 Dear Miss Lam。易错位在于考生混用 sincerely 与 faithfully，或者忘记署名；格式是实用文的第一关，动笔前先在脑中过一遍格式清单。
- 电邮电邮的考点是电邮与书信同样讲究礼貌，但更短更直接，Subject 行是必备项目。方法是 Subject 一行讲清目的，例如 Request for leave of absence；正文按 Dear 称谓、提出请求、说明原因、致谢、署名的次序推进。以本课为例，请假电邮第一段即讲明请求与日期，毫不绕圈。易错位在于考生把电邮写成闲谈，漏了 Subject 行或者漏了署名；电邮是缩小的书信，礼貌用语一样不可省略。
- 文章文章的考点是文章类实用文须有标题与分段，语气随读者对象而变。方法是标题吸引眼球，开首用 hook（提问、数据或场景），中段每段一个论点，结尾发出呼吁；动笔前确认 target audience 是谁，语气便跟著定：同辈读者亲切活泼，校长老师则要正式。以本课为例，向同学介绍环保活动的文章可用轻松语气与口号式结尾。易错位在于考生用同一种语气应付所有对象，或者全文只有一段；对象错，语气错，任务要求便不达标。
- 报告报告的考点是报告与建议书以格式先走，标头项目缺一不可。方法是标头四项照排：标题（Proposal for a Green Campus Scheme）、To（收件人及职衔）、From（自己姓名与职衔）、Date；正文再按 Introduction、Findings、Recommendations、Benefits、Conclusion 铺排。以本课范文为例，标头与分段全部齐备，格式分即时全取。易错位在于考生漏了 Date 或者 From 的职衔，格式分瞬间失去；交卷前逐项核对标头，一项都不能少。
- 数据讲话数据的考点是 Findings 部分的说服力来自具体数据，空泛的形容词毫无作用。方法是数据三种都要有：样本数（访问四百名学生）、百分比（68% 每日使用即弃饭盒）、总量（食堂每个上学日丢弃约九百件塑胶）；数字越具体，报告越可信。以本课范文为例，三组数字证明问题的严重与来源，再配合食堂职员访问确认源头。易错位在于考生只写 lots of waste 一类空话，没有人会相信；没有数字的 findings 等于没有 findings。
- 讲埋障碍障碍的考点是建议书若只讲问题不讲障碍，建议便像空谈；讲出障碍才显得有的放矢。方法是在 Findings 之后写出实际阻力：学生有意愿协助，但觉得自备饭盒不便携带与清洗；然后让每一项建议正面回应这个障碍。以本课范文为例，点出不便的障碍之后，随即以加水站与盖章奖励化解。易错位在于考生跳过障碍直接列建议，建议与问题脱节，说服力大减；问题与障碍同时写清，建议才能命中要害。
- 建议+效益建议的考点是建议要低成本、可见、易监察，效益要分层列出。方法是每项建议符合三准则：便宜（每层装加水站）、可见（自备容器盖章，十个章换免费饮品）、可监察（盖章纪录清楚）；Benefits 分三层写：废物一年内减半、食堂节省开支、助力 Green School Award。以本课范文为例，结尾更主动提出协助宣传与监察，态度加分。易错位在于考生建议写得天花乱坠却无法执行，或者效益只写一层；可执行加多层效益，才是满分的建议写法。
5例题示范 Example
范文是环保学会递交的《Green Campus Scheme》建议书。拆解它的格式（To/From/Date）、数据用法和建议写法。
- 第一步：格式齐全：标题、To（Miss Lam, Student Affairs Office）、From（Chris Wong, Chairperson）、Date——格式分立即拿满。
- 第二步：Findings 用数据说话：400 人问卷、68% 日日用即弃饭盒、canteen 每日丢约 900 件塑胶。
- 第三步：数据之后接人心：学生想帮忙但觉得自备饭盒麻烦——问题和障碍都讲完。
- 第四步：Recommendations 具体两招：每层装加水站；自备容器盖章奖励（十个章换免费饮品）；另加学期末淘汰饮管。
- 第五步：Benefits 三层：废物减半、省钱、助力 Green School Award；结尾承诺协助宣传和监察。
- 答案：这份建议书示范实用文怎样又齐又说服。格式零瑕疵：标题、To、From、Date、Introduction、Findings、Recommendations、Benefits、Conclusion 各就各位。说服力来自证据：400 人问卷（68% 日日即弃饭盒）、canteen 数据（每日约 900 件塑胶）、职员访问证实源头。它还讲出障碍——学生嫌自备容器麻烦——令建议有的放矢：加水站令樽装饮品变多余；盖章奖励（十个章换饮品）用诱因解决不便；建议全部「cheap, visible and easy to monitor」。Benefits 一石三鸟：减废一半、省钱、助力 Green School Award。结尾主动提出协助宣传监察——实用文精髓：格式工整、证据领路、建议可执行。
6常见错误 Mistakes
76 题快测 Quick check
Q1实用文包括？
Q2格式重要？
Q3语气？
Q4正式信？
Q5电邮？
Q6技巧？
8重点回顾 Recap
- 实用文格式先决：To / From / Date / 标题，一项都不可以漏。
- Findings 用数据讲：样本数、百分比、每日数量，越具体越可信。
- 连障碍（麻烦、不方便）也讲出，建议才显得有的放矢。
- 好建议低成本、可见、易监察：加水站、盖章奖励都符合。
- Benefits 多层：减废、省钱、学校形象；结尾主动提出协助。