Genre Analysis 文体分析
进阶辨文体。
- 四大文体：narrative（叙事）、expository（说明）、argumentative（议论）、descriptive（描写）。
- 格式透露文体：信有称谓结尾、报告有标题分节、日记第一人称。
- 文体揭示目的和受众：政府通告指示市民，网志分享感受。
文体小知识：Identify text type.
§课文原文 Passage
1The COVID-19 pandemic began in early 2020 and spread to every continent within months. Governments imposed lockdowns; schools moved online; businesses closed; millions of people lost their jobs. Video meetings replaced classrooms and offices, and working from home turned from an exception into a routine. It was a historic event that affected everyone, and it produced an ocean of writing: news reports, diary entries, government announcements, editorials and personal blogs.
2Each of those texts belongs to a different genre, and each genre follows its own rules. A narrative retells events in time order and often focuses on one person's experience. An expository text, like the summary above, explains facts objectively. An argumentative piece tries to persuade readers — perhaps that lockdowns were necessary, or that they caused more harm than good. A descriptive text paints scenes with sensory language, such as the silence of empty MTR platforms at rush hour. Identifying the genre is the first step to reading well.
3Genre also reveals purpose and audience. A government notice aims to instruct citizens and uses a formal, impersonal tone, while a teenage blogger aims to share feelings and uses informal, emotional language. When the DSE gives you a text, ask three questions: why was this written, who was it written for, and how does the tone match the purpose? The answers unlock inference questions that vague reading cannot touch.
4The pandemic proved that genre awareness matters beyond examinations. During a crisis, people who cannot distinguish a fact-based report from an emotional opinion piece make poorer decisions. Read the genre first, then the words — and both the passage and the world become easier to understand.
§逐句中文翻译 Sentence-by-sentence translation
The COVID-19 pandemic began in early 2020 and spread to every continent within months.
新冠疫情于2020年初爆发，数月内蔓延至各大洲。
Governments imposed lockdowns; schools moved online; businesses closed; millions of people lost their jobs.
各地政府实施封锁，学校转为网上授课，商户结业，数以百万计的人失业。
Video meetings replaced classrooms and offices, and working from home turned from an exception into a routine.
视像会议取代了课室和办公室，在家工作由例外变成常态。
It was a historic event that affected everyone, and it produced an ocean of writing: news reports, diary entries, government announcements, editorials and personal blogs.
这是影响所有人的历史事件，亦产生了浩如烟海的文字：新闻报道、日记、政府公告、社论和个人网志。
Each of those texts belongs to a different genre, and each genre follows its own rules.
上述每种文本都属于不同文体，而每种文体都有其自身规则。
A narrative retells events in time order and often focuses on one person's experience.
叙事文按时间顺序重述事件，多聚焦于一个人的经历。
An expository text, like the summary above, explains facts objectively.
说明文（如上述摘要）客观地解释事实。
An argumentative piece tries to persuade readers — perhaps that lockdowns were necessary, or that they caused more harm than good.
议论文则企图说服读者——或许是封锁措施有其必要，或许是其弊多于利。
A descriptive text paints scenes with sensory language, such as the silence of empty MTR platforms at rush hour.
描写文以感官语言描绘场景，例如繁忙时间空无一人的港铁月台那种寂静。
Identifying the genre is the first step to reading well.
辨识文体是良好阅读的第一步。
Genre also reveals purpose and audience.
文体亦揭示写作目的和对象。
A government notice aims to instruct citizens and uses a formal, impersonal tone, while a teenage blogger aims to share feelings and uses informal, emotional language.
政府公告旨在指示市民，用词正式而客观；青少年网志旨在分享感受，语言随意而感性。
When the DSE gives you a text, ask three questions: why was this written, who was it written for, and how does the tone match the purpose?
文凭试给你一篇文章时，问三条问题：为何而写？为谁而写？语气如何配合目的？
The answers unlock inference questions that vague reading cannot touch.
这些答案能解开马虎阅读无法应付的推论题。
The pandemic proved that genre awareness matters beyond examinations.
疫情证明文体意识在考试以外同样重要。
During a crisis, people who cannot distinguish a fact-based report from an emotional opinion piece make poorer decisions.
危机当前，无法分辨事实报道与感性评论的人，决定往往较差。
Read the genre first, then the words — and both the passage and the world become easier to understand.
先读文体，再读文字——文章和世界都会变得容易理解。
1重点摘要 Summary
辨文体。
2生字卡 Vocabulary
文体。
叙述。
说明。
议论。
描写。
目的。
读者。
语气。
3逐步讲解 Steps
- 叙述叙事文（narrative）按时间顺序讲述事件，要素是人物、情节与转折。以疫情日记为例：「封城那日我做了什么」，采用第一人称、依时序推进，并夹叙夹议流露感受。阅读时留意时间连接词（after、then、finally）与转折事件的出现；答题时依时序定位事件，作者的感受句往往就是主旨题的答案所在。
- 说明说明文（expository）客观陈述事实，常见于新闻报道与摘要：数据、日期、中立语气，没有立场，也没有情绪。见到 statistics、survey、according to 等字眼，多数就是说明文。阅读时以资料为先：记下数字的对象与范围，例如百分之几、哪一年、哪一批受访者；答题时切勿把自己的看法混入事实，引用原文资料便是最好的答案。
- 议论议论文（argumentative）以说服为目的：社论主张「封锁有必要」或「害多于利」，具备立场、论据与反驳三要素。认住 should、must、I believe、clearly 这类带立场的字眼，便知道作者正在表态。阅读时先找出中心论点（多在首段或尾段），再标示每段的论据；反驳段落以 however、opponents argue 引出，留意作者如何回应反方。
- 描写描写文（descriptive）调动五感营造画面：空荡荡的月台、网课萤幕的蓝光——感官细节令画面浮现。描写常与叙事并用，在事件推进中放慢镜头。阅读时留意感官动词与比喻（smelt、glowed、like a...），并追问：这些细节营造什么气氛？答 atmosphere、mood 题时，答案就是「感官细节加情感形容词」的组合，例如 cold、silent、lonely。
- 格式线索格式透露文体：书信有 Dear... 与 Yours sincerely、报告有标题与分节、日记有日期与心情记录——未读内容已可估计文体。考试中格式是免费线索：先扫 layout（抬头、署名、小标题），再决定阅读策略。部分题目直接考核格式常识，例如信件结尾敬语的位置、报告必备的小节，平日宜多留意范文的格式安排。
- 目的受众文体揭示写作目的与受众：政府通告（正式、非人称）旨在指示市民；青少年网志（非正式、情绪化）旨在分享感受。作答时回答三问：作者为何而写？写给谁看？语气是否配合目的？这类题目的答法有公式：The writer aims to 加动词（inform／persuade／entertain），再加 for 加受众，并用 formal／informal、emotional／neutral 等语气形容词作证。
- 读法配对每种文体对应一种读法：说明文抓数据与定义、议论文抓论点与论据、叙事文抓情节与转折、描写文抓感官与气氛。方法对文，读得快又答得准；方法错配，例如逐字细读说明文的数字段落，只会浪费时间。考前温习方法：把四种文体各找一篇范文，列出具体读法清单，考场上按文体套用，表现自然稳定。
5例题示范 Example
疫情产生了大量文字：新闻报道、日记、政府通告、社论、网志。试逐个辨认文体，并讲出各自的目的和语言特征。
- 第一步：新闻报道＝expository：客观讲事实（封锁、失业），语气正式中立。
- 第二步：日记＝narrative + descriptive：按时间记一日，加感官描写（繁忙时间空荡荡的月台）。
- 第三步：社论＝argumentative：想说服你「封锁有必要」或者「害多于利」，有立场有论据。
- 第四步：政府通告：目的是指示市民，正式、非个人（impersonal）语气。
- 第五步：青少年网志：分享感受，非正式、情绪化。辨认后答三问：为什么写？为哪个写？语气合目的吗？
- 答案：用文中框架辨认五类文字：新闻报道属 expository，客观陈述封锁、失业等事实，语气正式中立；日记属 narrative 加 descriptive，按时间记事兼有感官小节（例如「繁忙时间空荡荡的月台」）；社论属 argumentative，目的是说服——无论「封锁必要」还是「害多于利」都有明确论点；政府通告目的是指示市民，用正式、非个人（impersonal）语气；青少年网志非正式、情绪化，想分享感受。辨认文体后答三问：为何写？为谁写？语气配合目的吗？文中提醒：危机期间分不清事实报道和情绪意见的人，会做出更差的决定——文体意识不止考试有用。
6常见错误 Mistakes
79 题快测 Quick check
Q1文体分多少种？
Q2叙述特征？
Q3说明特征？
Q4议论特征？
Q5描写特征？
Q6目的？
Q7What genre?
Q8When did it begin?
Q9What happened to schools?
8重点回顾 Recap
- 四大文体：narrative（叙事）、expository（说明）、argumentative（议论）、descriptive（描写）。
- 格式透露文体：信有称谓结尾、报告有标题分节、日记第一人称。
- 文体揭示目的和受众：政府通告指示市民，网志分享感受。
- 每种文体用不同读法：说明抓数据，议论抓论点，叙事抓情节。
- 答 inference 题前先答三问：为什么写？为谁写？语气合不合？