Vocabulary in Context 上下文猜词
进阶不识字不要查书。
- 遇到生字先不要查字典，用上下文线索估意思。
- 定义线索：is、means、refers to 后面多数有解释。
- 例子线索：such as、for example 后面的例子揭示词义。
文体小知识：Guess word meaning.
§课文原文 Passage
1The old castle stood on the hill above the village like a tired giant. Its grey stone walls had once been strong, but now the whole building was in a state of disrepair. The roof had holes, and sunlight fell straight through them onto the dusty floor. Walls were cracked from top to bottom. Windows were broken, and wind whistled through the empty frames.
2The garden was overgrown with weeds taller than a man. Roses had turned wild, and trees pressed their branches against the castle doors. It had not been lived in for decades — nobody in the village could remember a light in its windows. Still, the postman said his grandfather had once delivered letters there, which tells you how long the castle has been sleeping.
3Every spring, tourists drove up the narrow road to take photos. They read the notice at the gate, which described the castle as 'temporarily closed for repair', although no workers had been seen for years. When you meet such words in context, you can often guess their meanings. 'Disrepair' suggests something broken, and 'overgrown' tells you that the plants have grown without control.
4But somehow, it still had a strange beauty. It looked like a painting from another time — rough, old and yet peaceful. Perhaps that is why the villagers, though they ignored it in daily life, always mentioned it first when guests arrived. Long after the last owner left, the castle went on standing above the village, watching.
§逐句中文翻译 Sentence-by-sentence translation
The old castle stood on the hill above the village like a tired giant.
那座古老的城堡在村庄上面的山丘上矗立，好像一个累透的巨人。
Its grey stone walls had once been strong, but now the whole building was in a state of disrepair.
它的灰色石墙曾经很坚固，但现在整座建筑都处于失修的状态。
The roof had holes, and sunlight fell straight through them onto the dusty floor.
屋顶穿了洞，阳光直接穿过那些洞，照在满布灰尘的地板上。
Walls were cracked from top to bottom.
墙壁由上到下都是裂痕。
Windows were broken, and wind whistled through the empty frames.
窗门全都破了，风在空空的窗框间呼啸吹过。
The garden was overgrown with weeds taller than a man.
花园杂草丛生，那些草更高过一个人。
Roses had turned wild, and trees pressed their branches against the castle doors.
玫瑰变了野生，树枝也挤压着城堡的门。
It had not been lived in for decades — nobody in the village could remember a light in its windows.
这里已经几十年没有人住——村里面没有人记得见过它的窗有灯光。
Still, the postman said his grandfather had once delivered letters there, which tells you how long the castle has been sleeping.
不过，邮差说他爷爷当年曾经来这里派过信，可想而知这座城堡睡了多久。
Every spring, tourists drove up the narrow road to take photos.
每年春天，游客都会驾车沿着那条窄路上去拍照。
They read the notice at the gate, which described the castle as 'temporarily closed for repair', although no workers had been seen for years.
他们会读门口的告示，上面写着城堡「暂停开放维修」，不过好多年都没有见过有工人出现。
When you meet such words in context, you can often guess their meanings.
当你在上下文中见到这类字，很多时都可以估到它们的意思。
'Disrepair' suggests something broken, and 'overgrown' tells you that the plants have grown without control.
「Disrepair」暗示有东西破烂了，而「overgrown」就告诉你植物长得失控。
But somehow, it still had a strange beauty.
但不知道为什么，它仍然有种奇怪的美。
It looked like a painting from another time — rough, old and yet peaceful.
它看起来好像一幅来自另一个时代的画——粗犷、古老，但又很平静。
Perhaps that is why the villagers, though they ignored it in daily life, always mentioned it first when guests arrived.
或者就是这样，村民虽然平日当它不存在，但一有客人来就一定最先提起它。
Long after the last owner left, the castle went on standing above the village, watching.
最后一个主人离开之后很久，城堡仍然在村庄上方屹立，静静地望着整条村。
1重点摘要 Summary
不识字不要查书。
2生字卡 Vocabulary
上下文。
猜。
同义词。
反义词。
定义。
例子。
字根。
字首。
3逐步讲解 Steps
- 定义线索猜词的第一类线索是文内定义，考点在于辨认 is、means、refers to 一类解释讯号。方法是见到生字后紧随解释句，便直接圈出定义，无须外求。以课文为例，第三段明确说明 disrepair suggests something broken，这是作者亲自提供的定义。易错之处是学生不懂利用定义句，仍然逐字硬猜；其实说明文中作者常主动解释关键词，先找定义再考虑其他方法，是最省时的次序。
- 例子线索第二类线索是例子，such as 与 for example 之后的内容揭示词义。方法是从例子归纳共同特征，再推回生字的意思。以课文为例：overgrown 之后跟著 weeds taller than a man，杂草高过人头，可知 overgrown 指草木无人修剪、任意生长。易错之处是学生读例子时只当故事看，没有回头联系生字；正确习惯是每见例子便自问：这个例子说明前面的什么字？例子与生字之间的桥梁就是词义。
- 对比线索第三类线索是对比，but、however、unlike 前后意思相反，可用已知一方推未知一方。以课文为例：Its grey stone walls had once been strong, but now the whole building was in a state of disrepair，昔日坚固对照今日破落，disrepair 即失修破烂。方法是捉住对照双方，以反义推导。易错之处是学生忽略时间对照的讯号，例如 once 与 now；这类字眼标示前后状态相反，是推词的重要提示，值得圈起。
- 字根拆解字根与字首是猜词的辅助工具，考点在于拆字能力。方法是把生字拆成部件逐一解码：un- 表否定，如 unhappy；-able 表能够，如 readable；repair 意为修理，故 disrepair 即失去修理、失修。易错之处是学生过分依赖字根，遇到例外便出错；字根只是旁证，必须与上下文线索互相印证。例如 dis- 有分离与否定两种用法，死记单一意思便可能误判，宜以文意作最终裁决。
- 代入验证猜出词义后必须代入原句验证，这是猜词法的品质控制步骤。方法是把候选意思放回句子通读，通顺则采纳，不通则重新推敲。以课文为例：The garden was overgrown with weeds taller than a man，代入杂草丛生全句通顺；代入修剪整齐则明显矛盾。易错之处是学生猜完便算，从不验证，结果把意思相反的词带入答题；养成代入习惯，可在作答前拦截大半错误，是猜词技巧的收尾程序。
- 课文实战本课两个目标字须融会贯通：disrepair 指建筑物失修破落，文中证据包括屋顶破洞、墙身裂缝与破烂窗框；overgrown 指草木野长，文中证据是高过人头的杂草与变成野生的玫瑰。方法是先分别找出两字的上下文证据，再用一个短语概括词义。易错之处是学生把两字混为一谈，或只答坏、乱一类笼统字眼；猜词答案要求准确对应词性与语意，宜练习以短语作答，而非单字敷衍。
- 无字典策略考场没有字典时须按既定流程猜词，避免慌乱。方法分四步：先定词性，判断是名词、动词还是形容词；再读前后句，寻找定义、例子或对比线索；然后用字根辅助拆解；最后代入原句验证。以本课流程为例，四步做完仍无头绪，才考虑策略性放弃，把时间让给其他题目。易错之处是学生在一个生字上纠缠太久，影响全卷；猜词讲求程序与取舍，两者都须在练习中养成。
5例题示范 Example
不查字典，用上下文推测古堡文章里面「disrepair」和「overgrown」的意思。
- 第一步：看「disrepair」前后——前句讲城墙「once been strong, but now」，后面列举屋顶穿窿、墙身爆裂、窗框破烂。
- 第二步：用对比线索推理：以前坚固、现在破烂，所以 disrepair 是指建筑物失修。
- 第三步：看「overgrown」后半句——「weeds taller than a man」杂草高过人，玫瑰变野生、树枝压住门。
- 第四步：用例子线索推理：植物没有人修剪、乱生乱长，所以 overgrown 是指杂草丛生。
- 第五步：代入原句验证：「全幢失修」「花园杂草丛生」，通顺才作实。
- 答案：「disrepair」在「a state of disrepair」之后，下文列举屋顶穿窿、墙身爆裂、窗框破烂，再对比前句「once been strong」，可推断是指建筑物失修破烂。「overgrown」后面跟「weeds taller than a man」，杂草高过人、玫瑰变野生，可推断是指草木没有人修剪、乱生乱长。两个都是靠前后文的例子和对比线索估出来，再代入原句验证通顺。
6常见错误 Mistakes
79 题快测 Quick check
Q1不识字怎么办？
Q2点猜？
Q3同义词？
Q4反义词？
Q5字根用途？
Q6前后句？
Q7What does "disrepair" mean?
Q8What does "overgrown" mean?
Q9How long empty?
8重点回顾 Recap
- 遇到生字先不要查字典，用上下文线索估意思。
- 定义线索：is、means、refers to 后面多数有解释。
- 例子线索：such as、for example 后面的例子揭示词义。
- 对比线索：but、however、unlike 前后意思相反。
- 估完要代入原句验证，通顺才作实。