Primary 6 General Studies

The stage when a child develops into an adult, with clear changes in body and mind.

A chemical released by the body's glands that directs growth and development.

A small gland below the brain that releases hormones directing other glands and promoting development.

The features that appear in puberty, such as a boy's deeper voice and facial hair, or a girl's first menstruation.

A girl's normal monthly bodily process, a sign of healthy development.

A skin problem caused by blocked pores and oily skin, very common in puberty.

Habits that keep the body clean, such as daily showers and frequent changes of clothes.

An absorbent product girls use during menstruation; it should be changed regularly for hygiene.

Feelings that rise and fall quickly, a common experience in puberty.

The ability to look after one's own body and daily needs, such as washing, eating and resting.

The school exams in Primary 5 and 6 whose results are sent to the authority for secondary place allocation.

Hong Kong's system of allocating Secondary 1 places by pupils' results and choices.

A meeting before a secondary school admits a pupil, to learn about expression and interests.

The process of adjusting oneself and settling into a new environment.

The ability to withstand difficulties and stress and bounce back.

Encouraging, realistic words we say to ourselves instead of put-downs.

Methods that calm body and mind from tension, such as deep breathing.

Putting off what should be done, which usually piles up more stress.

The teacher in charge of guiding pupils with study, school choice and emotional matters.

The immediate, temporary help given to an injured or ill person before professionals arrive.

Hong Kong's emergency number 999, used to call police, ambulance and fire services.

Stopping bleeding by pressing the wound with clean gauze and raising the injured part.

Thin cotton cloth in a first-aid kit used to cover and press wounds.

A strip of cloth used to cover wounds, hold dressings or support an injured part.

The side-lying position for an unconscious person who is breathing, keeping the airway clear.

CPR — chest compressions and rescue breaths for a person not breathing; it requires training.

An overstretched joint ligament causing swelling and pain, treated with the RICE rule.

Applying an ice pack wrapped in a towel to reduce swelling and pain.

A box holding gauze, bandages, antiseptic and other supplies; every home should keep one.

Five standards for setting goals: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-bound.

A guide ranking foods by how much to eat: most grains, then vegetables and fruit, least oil, salt and sugar.

Eating nutrients from all food groups in suitable proportions.

Exercise that raises heart and breathing rate while remaining manageable, such as skipping, swimming or cycling.

A fixed pattern of bedtime and waking; enough regular sleep benefits health.

Tracking one's own behaviour and progress with records, such as a daily exercise chart.

A plan that turns goals into concrete activities and a timetable.

Regularly checking how the plan works, comparing goals with actual results and adjusting.

The process of repeating a behaviour until it becomes second nature, usually taking weeks.

Time spent on screen devices; it should stop an hour before bed.

The way greenhouse gases in the atmosphere hold heat and keep the Earth warm.

Gases such as carbon dioxide and methane that trap heat.

Fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas formed from ancient organisms; burning them releases greenhouse gases.

The total greenhouse gases emitted directly and indirectly by a person, activity or product, counted in CO2 equivalent.

The carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases released by an activity.

Abnormal and violent weather such as heatwaves, rainstorms, droughts and super typhoons.

Rising sea levels as glaciers melt and seawater expands, threatening coastal areas.

Fair sharing of climate responsibility: big emitters should do more and help regions that suffer most.

Reducing emissions or increasing absorption to limit climate change at its source.

The practice of exaggerating or inventing green credentials to attract customers.

The take-make-dispose model where materials are used once and discarded.

An economy where materials keep circulating and being reused, cutting extraction and disposal.

A place where waste is buried; Hong Kong's three strategic landfills are filling up.

A product's whole journey from raw material and making to use and disposal.

Using fewer resources and making less waste at the source.

Using an item again without reprocessing, such as refilling your own bottle.

Processing waste into new material, such as turning waste paper into recycled paper.

Fixing a broken product so it lives longer.

A five-step method of empathise, define, ideate, prototype and test for solving problems.

A rough, tryable first version used for testing and improving.

Energy such as solar, wind and hydro that does not run out with use.

Technology turning sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect.

Electricity made when wind turns blades that drive a generator.

Power from splitting atoms for heat; low emission but waste must be handled.

Energy from burning hydrogen or fuel cells, producing only water.

Keeping surplus electricity in batteries for use when needed.

A modern power network balancing supply and demand with sensors and data.

The trait of solar and wind power depending on weather and time, unable to generate steadily all day.

Balancing emitted greenhouse gases with absorbed or offset amounts to zero.

The grading label showing an appliance's energy efficiency; Grade 1 saves most.

A feature that helps a living thing survive and breed in its environment.

The process by which populations change over ages, forming new species.

The mechanism by which the environment keeps individuals better able to survive and breed.

The differences among individuals of a species, the raw material of selection.

A group of living things that can interbreed and produce young.

The remains or traces of ancient life preserved in rock, evidence of evolution.

The environment where a living thing lives and finds food.

Colouring or shape that hides a creature in its setting, like the polar bear's white coat.

The survival and spread of bacteria that withstand antibiotics, weakening the drugs.

The death of every individual of a species, gone from Earth forever.

The passing of parents' features to their young through genes.

The basic unit on DNA that decides a trait.

The long molecule carrying the genetic code, shaped like a twisted ladder.

Structures of DNA and protein in the nucleus; humans have 23 pairs.

The pair of genes controlling one trait, one from each parent.

A trait that shows whenever its allele is present, written in capitals.

A trait that shows only when both alleles are recessive, written in small letters.

An observable feature of a living thing, such as eyelid shape or blood type.

A grid of parents' alleles used to work out the chances of traits in offspring.

An accidental change in a gene that may bring a new trait.

The force pulling objects toward Earth, making things fall and satellites orbit.

A craft pushed forward by the reaction of fuel shooting backwards.

A human-made object orbiting Earth for communication, navigation, weather and more.

An orbiting facility where astronauts live and work for long periods.

The near-weightless condition aboard a station where objects float.

An uncrewed craft sent to observe bodies beyond the Moon.

A telescope above the atmosphere whose views are undistorted by air.

A rover that drives, samples and analyses the Martian surface, such as Zhurong.

The distance light travels in a year, about 9.5 trillion kilometres, used for star distances.

Defunct satellites and rocket fragments circling Earth at high speed, endangering orbiting craft.

The systematic process from question and hypothesis through experiment to conclusion.

A tentative answer to a question that must be testable by experiment.

A factor in an experiment that can be changed or measured.

The factor deliberately changed, such as salt concentration.

The measured result that changes with the independent variable, such as days to sprout.

Factors kept constant, such as water volume, temperature and light.

The untreated group kept for comparison, such as the fresh-water group.

A design changing only one variable while holding all others constant.

The measurements and observations collected in an experiment.

The answer to the question based on the data, going no further than the evidence.

The whole of living things and their physical setting interacting in an area.

Living things that make their own food by photosynthesis, such as plants and algae.

Animals feeding on other living things, herbivore or carnivore.

Bacteria and fungi breaking remains and waste down into nutrients.

A chain showing energy passing from eaten to eater, as grass → rabbit → hawk.

Many food chains interwoven, steadying the system.

The process by which plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make food and release oxygen.

All the individuals of one species in an area.

Toxics gathering up the food chain until top predators hold extreme concentrations.

Species carried by humans to new settings that, lacking predators, multiply and wreck the ecology.

The trend of nations becoming ever more connected in trade, investment, culture and migration.

The buying and selling of goods and services between countries.

A large firm operating production or sales in many countries.

The full chain of a product from raw material through making and shipping to sale.

A tax a country puts on imports, shaping prices and trade flows.

A port charging no tariff on most goods, such as Hong Kong.

Each country specialising in what it makes relatively most efficiently, so trade benefits all.

A firm moving production processes to lower-cost countries.

Disputes between countries over tariffs, subsidies or market access.

Trade where goods transfer through a third port for re-export, a key Hong Kong business.

The ability to understand, analyse and judge media messages, and to use and share responsibly.

False content deliberately made or dressed up as news.

The trick of exaggerated, misleading headlines to attract clicks.

Who posted a message and where it came from — the first step of checking.

AI-synthesised images or voices realistic enough to deceive.

Systematically verifying a message through source, motive and evidence.

Searching an image to find its origin and earliest appearance, testing if it is old.

False content shared unknowingly, the poster unaware it is untrue.

Content knowingly created and spread as false.

Messages or sites posing as banks or bodies to trick people into handing over passwords or data.

A person who freely gives time and effort to serve others without material reward.

Activities serving the community and people in need.

Understanding others' feelings by standing in their place — the base of service and leadership.

The sense of duty to carry through what one has promised.

Members coordinating, each playing to strength, toward a shared goal.

Handing tasks, together with trust, to suitable members instead of doing everything alone.

Expressing clearly and listening patiently so messages and ideas are conveyed accurately.

Setting the example by doing first what one asks of others — stronger than words.

Reviewing gains and gaps after an activity, turning experience into growth.

The ability to set goals, organise a team, serve its members and lead them to the goal.

The system where government and people alike are bound by and act under law.

The constitutional document setting out the Hong Kong SAR's system.

The lawful interests and freedoms the law protects, such as education and personal safety.

The duties citizens must perform, such as keeping the law and respecting others' rights.

The principle that all, regardless of status or wealth, face the same law and enjoy the same protection.

The peace and order society needs to live together.

Public self-discipline and consideration, such as queueing and keeping places clean.

A neutral third party helping both sides reach settlement.

The system funding lawyers and legal services for those in financial hardship.

Hong Kong's statutory body handling consumer complaints and protecting buyers' interests.

The ancient sea trade route from China through Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean to Europe.

The largest flagship of Zheng He's fleet, over a hundred metres long, carrying treasures and envoys.

Fine ceramics invented in China, a top ancient export — the English word for porcelain, 'china', derives from the country.

Pepper, cloves and other seasonings and medicines, key cargo on the return voyage.

One of China's four great inventions; its magnetic needle points north-south and made ocean voyages possible.

A Chinese shipbuilding invention dividing the hull into sealed sections, so one flooded section cannot sink the ship.

The nation's cooperation initiative linking Asia, Europe and Africa through infrastructure, trade and exchange.

The Ming navigator who led seven expeditions from 1405 to 1433, reaching East Africa.

The mutual spreading and learning between cultures, enriching both.

The attitude of civilisations learning from one another's strengths and progressing together.

The collective name for the many schools and thinkers of the Spring-and-Autumn and Warring States eras.

The school of Confucius teaching benevolence, propriety and education.

Confucianism's core value: loving, understanding and putting oneself in others' place.

The norms and courtesies that order how people treat one another.

The school of Laozi and Zhuangzi teaching following nature and governing by non-interference.

Not acting against the grain, letting things develop by their own pattern.

Mozi's school teaching universal love, non-aggression and frugality.

Mozi's teaching: caring for all people equally, regardless of kinship or rank.

Han Feizi's school: governing by public law and a system of rewards and punishments.

The lively scene of schools debating, competing and exchanging ideas.

The city cluster of nine Guangdong cities plus Hong Kong and Macao, a key national development region.

Rail running above 250 km/h; the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong line links Hong Kong to the national network.

Public facilities supporting economy and life, such as bridges, railways and checkpoints.

Technology industries driven by research and invention, led by Shenzhen in the Bay.

Movement across the Hong Kong-mainland boundary, such as cross-border schooling and commuting.

Regions dividing work by strength, each covering the others' weaknesses.

Starting one's own business or startup venture.

Qualified trades such as law, accounting and surveying — a Hong Kong strength.

The living zone formed as Bay cities lie within an hour of one another.

A scheme subsidising firms to employ Hong Kong youth working in the Bay Area.

An automated machine that senses its surroundings, decides and acts.

A robot's senses — cameras, ultrasound and touch — collecting data about surroundings.

A robot's hands and legs — motors and arms that turn commands into motion.

Using machines to run work processes in place of human hands.

Technology letting computers mimic intelligent behaviour such as learning, reasoning and judging.

An AI method where computers find patterns themselves from large amounts of data.

A clear step-by-step sequence for solving a problem — the basis of every program.

Vehicles using sensors and AI to sense traffic, plan routes and drive themselves.

Unfair or systematically skewed AI results caused by unbalanced training data.

Principles of right and wrong; tech ethics asks how technology ought to be used.

Symbols, numbers and records of facts which, organised and analysed, become useful information.

The methods of collecting, organising, analysing and presenting data.

Collecting views and facts from a group through designed questions.

A representative value: the sum of a set divided by its count.

The overall direction of change data show over time.

Data so vast, fast and varied that computers must analyse them for patterns.

The part drawn from a whole for study; it must represent the whole or conclusions skew.

Two sets of data rising and falling together — which need not mean one causes the other.

Systematic unfairness in collecting or presenting data, skewing conclusions from fact.

The right, protected by law, of personal data to be used only as their owner decides.

The measures and habits protecting devices, accounts and data from online attack.

Fake sites or messages luring users into handing over passwords and personal data.

A tool storing all account passwords securely behind one master password.

A second check beyond the password at login, such as a phone code.

Programs such as viruses and trojans built to damage or steal data.

Malware locking files and demanding payment to release them.

Tricks impersonating others or exploiting trust and pressure to extract data.

The traces we leave online, lasting long and hard to erase.

Hurting, threatening or humiliating others online through messages, images or words.

Copying data to the cloud or an external drive against loss or locking.

The network linking everyday objects to the internet and to one another through data.

Full immersion in a computer-built world through headsets and similar gear.

Layering digital images on the real world, such as 3D models through a phone camera.

A vehicle driven by battery-powered motors, with no exhaust while moving.

Precisely altering genes — promising for inherited disease and raising ethical debate.

Technology using living systems to create medical and agricultural products.

Technology cutting pollution and carbon to support sustainability.

A city run on sensors and data for traffic, energy and public services.

The gap between groups in access to and ability with technology.

Principles of what ought to be done; tech ethics asks how technology should be used.

The deepest poverty, on about 2.15 US dollars a day, lacking basic needs.

A person forced from their country by war or persecution, unable to return safely.

The state of being forced from home, within a country or across borders.

Protection and the right to stay granted by another country to those fleeing.

Emergency life support for the stricken — food, medical care and shelter.

The UN's seventeen global goals, the first being ending poverty.

A trade model securing producers fair returns and decent conditions.

Wars and violent conflicts using force — the largest cause of refugees.

Long-term lack of nutrition harming growth and health — a common face of poverty.

Independent charitable bodies, such as Doctors Without Borders and Oxfam.

A city balancing economic growth, environmental quality and social fairness.

The long-range arrangement of land use, transport and facilities.

Shared systems such as rail and buses, with far lower emissions per person than cars.

The share of land covered by vegetation, shaping cooling, air and liveability.

Dense towers and heat-storing concrete making city centres hotter than the countryside.

Singapore's deeply purified used water — a model of circular resources.

A low-cost transit system giving buses dedicated lanes for speed and reliability.

Balancing emitted greenhouse gases with absorption and offsets to zero.

Cutting waste at the source, with reuse and recycling alongside.

How well a city supports living — environment, safety, convenience, care and schools.

The ongoing process of knowing yourself and the job world, setting and adjusting life goals.

Activities you enjoy and invest time in — the starting point of exploration.

The skills and traits you do better than most and are often praised for.

What you hold most worth pursuing — helping others, creativity or security.

Setting concrete, workable goals for life's stages, checked by SMART.

Abilities useful across trades and settings, such as languages, communication and digital skills.

The education and training route to a goal — university, associate degree or vocational training.

Many routes to the same goal; one exam decides nothing for life.

The habit of learning new knowledge and skills long after school ends.

Clear knowledge of your interests, abilities and values — where planning begins.