Secondary 2 Information & Communication Technology

Software made of cells for recording, calculating and analysing data, e.g. Excel, Google Sheets.

The smallest box in a sheet, addressed by column letter and row number, e.g. C4 is column C, row 4.

A calculation starting with '=', e.g. =B2+B3; results update automatically when numbers change.

A built-in common formula such as SUM, AVERAGE or COUNT, written as =NAME(range).

A block of cells written with a colon: B2:B10 means the nine cells from B2 to B10.

When copied, the cell addresses in a formula shift automatically, so one formula works on many rows.

Rearranging data by value or alphabetically, ascending or descending.

Showing only rows that match a condition and hiding the rest; clearing the filter restores all rows.

The bar showing the real content of the selected cell, including the full formula.

A visual way of presenting data, making comparisons and trends easier to see.

Uses bars of different lengths to compare quantities across categories.

Uses slices to show each part as a percentage of the whole; all slices must total 100%.

Connects data points with a line to show trends over time, e.g. temperature, sales.

The horizontal and vertical scales of a chart; starting at 0 keeps it honest.

The little key explaining what each colour or pattern in the chart represents.

A share of 100 used to relate a part to the whole; each pie slice is one percentage.

The overall direction of data over time — rising, falling or fluctuating.

A chart that creates a false impression through axis tricks or poor chart choice.

A set of prepared questions for collecting data from many people; wording and options must be clear.

Freshly collected, unprocessed data, usually containing duplicates, errors and gaps.

Fixing data before analysis: removing duplicates, checking errors, handling missing values.

The same person recorded more than once, double-counting their views; keep only one copy.

An implausible number, e.g. age 200 or height 5 m; verify or remove it.

A blank left by a respondent; re-ask, drop it or state it — never invent a number.

Replacing names with codes so data cannot be traced back to an individual.

Data identifying an individual, e.g. name, phone number, address, photo.

Explaining the purpose to respondents first so they voluntarily agree to take part.

A clear, finite, executable sequence of steps that solves a problem.

A way of describing program logic in English-like structure; not an executable program.

A diagram showing algorithm steps with standard symbols and arrows.

The rounded rectangle marking Start and End of a flowchart.

The flowchart symbol for input and output.

The rectangle for a calculation or processing step, e.g. sum ← a + b.

The diamond for a decision; always one way in and two ways out (Yes/No).

A structure that repeats steps, shown in a flowchart by a return arrow.

Putting a value into a variable, often written ← in pseudocode, e.g. count ← count + 1.

An ordered collection of data in square brackets, e.g. [80, 92, 75].

The position number of an item in a list, starting at 0; scores[0] is the first item.

One item in a list; a list can mix numbers and text.

Adds a new item to the end of a list, e.g. scores.append(60).

Returns how many items a list holds, e.g. len([10, 20, 30]) is 3.

A loop that goes through a list or repeats a set number of times, e.g. for s in scores:.

A loop repeating while its condition holds, e.g. while total < 100:.

A while loop whose condition never fails, usually because a variable is never updated.

Generates a sequence of integers for for loops, excluding the end: range(1, 6) gives 1 to 5.

A named, reusable block of code that takes inputs and may return a result.

The Python keyword for defining a function: def name(parameters):.

The variable in the brackets at definition time — the function's input, e.g. name in def greet(name).

The actual value supplied at call time, e.g. "Mary" in greet("Mary").

The result a function hands back with return, ready for further use.

Running a function by name with brackets and arguments, e.g. greet("Mary").

A pre-written library such as math or random, available after importing.

The keyword that loads a module, e.g. import math before using math.sqrt.

Returns a random integer including both ends, e.g. random.randint(1, 6) rolls a die.

An error or flaw in a program that stops it running or gives wrong results.

The process of locating errors and fixing them.

Breaking the language's format rules (e.g. a missing colon) so the program cannot even start.

An error that appears while running, e.g. division by zero or an out-of-range index.

The program runs to the end but the result is wrong because the method was; the hardest kind to spot.

Python's error report: the last line names the error type, with the line number above.

Inputs with known answers used to verify a program, including boundary cases.

A table recording each variable's value line by line, to locate where logic goes wrong.

Extreme inputs: the smallest, largest, zero, an empty list, a single item.

An image made of pixel squares that pixelates when enlarged, e.g. phone photos.

An image recorded as formulas for lines and shapes, staying smooth at any zoom level.

The smallest dot of an image, one colour each; together they form the picture.

How fine an image is, in pixels, e.g. 1920 × 1080; higher is sharper but heavier.

Trimming the outer parts of an image to focus on the subject, without distorting it.

Adjustment controls: brightness sets overall lightness, contrast sets the dark-to-light gap.

An editing structure like transparent sheets; each element on its own layer, edited independently.

A lossy format with small files, ideal for photos; no transparency support.

A lossless format supporting transparency, ideal for logos and stickers.

The editing workspace where clips are arranged in order and length.

Loading clips, photos and music into the project, usually via a media library.

Rendering the finished project into a video file, choosing format and resolution.

Cutting a clip in two at the playhead, so unwanted parts can be deleted.

An effect between clips that smooths the join, e.g. a fade.

Effects where picture or sound appears from nothing (in) or disappears to nothing (out).

Text overlaid on the picture to help viewers follow, essential when sound is muted.

The universal video format, supported by nearly every device and platform.

MP3 is a small lossy audio format; WAV is uncompressed, high quality but large.

A panel-by-panel plan showing each shot, narration and timing — the blueprint for filming and editing.

The right that automatically belongs to a creator; others may not copy or publish the work without permission.

Works whose copyright has expired or never applied, free for anyone to use, e.g. old book illustrations.

A licensing framework where creators pre-authorise use, with conditions marked BY, NC, ND and SA.

A CC condition: you must credit the author and name the licence when using the work.

A CC condition: the material must not be used commercially.

Material usable repeatedly under its terms after one payment (or free), with no per-use fees.

Dividing project work among teammates so each has a clear duty and deadline.

Reviewing the finished project's effect and shortcomings to plan improvements.

Pretending to be a trusted body or friend to steal passwords, money or data through fake messages and links.

A crime that takes money or data by deception, in ever-changing online forms.

The one-time code sent by SMS at login or transfer — the last line of defence, never shared with anyone.

AI-synthesised images or voices convincing enough to imitate a real person's face and voice.

Faking a trusted source, e.g. copying an official phone number, email address or organisation name.

A link whose address differs from the official one or contains odd strings, leading to fake sites.

An organisation's published contact (official hotline or app), which must be used for verification instead of links in the message.

A second check (like a code) beyond the password, protecting accounts even if the password leaks.

The Hong Kong police helpline to call when a scam is suspected.

All traces your online activity leaves — active and passive — accumulating over time.

Content you deliberately publish, e.g. photos, comments, videos, posts.

Data collected quietly by systems, e.g. browsing history, location data.

Data identifying an individual, e.g. name, phone, address, photo, ID number.

Hong Kong's law protecting personal data: state the purpose, collect minimally, never reuse without consent.

Account settings controlling who sees your content and data — worth reviewing regularly.

Geographic coordinates stored in photos or posts, which can reveal home and routines.

Access an app asks for, e.g. location, contacts, microphone; refuse anything unrelated to its function.

Under the PDPO, the right to ask an organisation for and correct the personal data it holds about you.