Secondary 1 Information & Communication Technology

The physical parts of a computer you can touch, e.g. keyboard, screen, CPU.

The brain of the computer — runs program instructions and does the calculating.

Holds data currently in use; it is wiped when the power goes off.

Keeps files long-term, e.g. hard disk (HDD), SSD, USB flash drive.

Sends data into the computer, e.g. keyboard, mouse, microphone, camera.

Shows results to you, e.g. monitor, printer, speakers.

The main circuit board connecting all the parts; the CPU and RAM sit on it.

Both input and output: it shows the picture and senses your touch.

Programs that tell the computer what to do — you cannot touch them.

The core software managing hardware, files and other programs, e.g. Windows, Android.

Software for a specific task, e.g. Word, Chrome, WhatsApp.

Using icons, windows and a mouse instead of typed commands.

A file is one piece of data (a photo, a document); folders organise files.

The process from pressing power until the OS loads and the desktop appears.

Software that runs the computer itself, including the operating system and drivers.

A small program that lets the OS control a piece of hardware, e.g. a printer driver.

One binary digit: only 0 or 1.

A group of 8 bits — usually one English letter or symbol.

A counting system that carries when reaching two: only 0 and 1.

A standard giving every English letter and symbol a number, e.g. A = 65.

Storage units from small to large, each 1024 times the last: KB → MB → GB → TB.

Our everyday counting system with the digits 0–9, carrying at ten.

The smallest dot of an image; each dot's colour is a number, finally stored as 0s and 1s.

The information a computer handles — text, numbers, images, sound — all stored in binary.

Two or more computers connected so they can share data.

A network in a small area, e.g. a home, classroom or office.

A network spanning cities or countries; the internet is the biggest WAN.

The device that directs traffic; your home router also gives each device an IP address.

Wi-Fi connects by radio waves; Ethernet uses cables — usually faster and steadier.

A server is an always-on computer that hands out data; the client is your machine asking for it.

The device that converts the signal so your home can reach the internet; its job differs from the router's.

The worldwide network of networks — the biggest WAN of all.

The unique number of every device online, e.g. 192.168.1.1.

The system that turns web addresses into IP addresses — a phonebook.

The memorable site name, e.g. google.com — really just pointing at an IP.

The full web address: protocol ＋ domain ＋ path.

Encrypted web traffic — passwords and personal data cannot be read on the way.

The program used to open web pages, e.g. Chrome, Safari, Edge.

Two generations of IP format: IPv4's four groups are running out, so IPv6 uses much longer addresses.

The shared rules computers use to talk to each other, e.g. http/https.

Using storage or computing power over the internet instead of on your own machine.

Keeping files on internet servers, e.g. Google Drive, iCloud, OneDrive.

Sending a file from your device to the internet.

Bringing a file from the internet onto your device.

How much data the network can carry per second; more bandwidth, smoother internet.

Watching or listening while data arrives, without waiting for the whole file, e.g. YouTube.

A facility holding thousands of servers — where the 'cloud' really lives.

Automatically keeping files the same between your device and the cloud — any edit updates everywhere.

Clear step-by-step instructions to solve a problem: finite and ordered.

A diagram of an algorithm using standard shapes and arrows.

Marks the Start or End of the flow.

An action or calculation, e.g. add 10 to the total.

A yes/no question with two exits.

Getting data in or showing a result.

The symbol showing the direction of flow; every line needs an arrowhead.

Instructions written in a programming language; once the flowchart is clear, it is translated into code for the computer.

The actor on the stage: the cat, a ball, any picture.

The background where sprites perform.

The trigger that starts a script, e.g. 'when green flag clicked', 'when space key pressed'.

Blocks run from top to bottom, one by one.

Motion (blue) moves and turns the sprite; Looks (purple) makes it talk, grow or change colour.

A mistake in a program is a bug; debugging means finding and fixing the wrong block.

The area on the left where you pick blocks, sorted by colour into categories.

The middle area where you stack blocks to build a script.

A typed programming language close to English, common in junior ICT.

Displays what is inside the brackets, e.g. print('Hello').

A named box that stores data, fetched later by its name.

Text data wrapped in quotes, e.g. 'Hello'.

A whole number like 7 or -3; written plainly, no quotes.

Waits for the user to type and returns it — always as a string.

The writing rules of a programming language; break them and the computer reports an error and refuses to run.

The ending of a filename showing its type; Python programs end with .py.

A true/false statement, e.g. mark ≥ 50.

If true run part A, otherwise part B; Scratch says 'if…then…else'.

== equal, != not equal, > greater, < less, >= and <=.

Repeating a block of code; Scratch says 'repeat N'.

for i in range(5) in Python runs 5 times (i counts 0 to 4).

Python uses leading spaces to show which lines belong inside an if or loop; no indent, no work.

A loop that repeats while a condition stays true; the condition must be able to turn false or the loop never ends.

The operator giving a division's remainder, e.g. 7 % 2 = 1; remainder 0 means even.

Hard to guess: at least 12 characters, mixed types, nothing personal.

A second check beyond the password (SMS code, authenticator app, fingerprint) — a stolen password alone is useless.

A long password made of unrelated words — easy to remember, hard to guess.

Fake emails or sites pretending to be real, tricking you into handing over passwords or data.

A tool that stores all your passwords; you only remember one master password.

Anything that identifies you: name, birthday, ID number, address, phone, photos.

A password easily guessed or cracked by programs, e.g. 123456 or a birthday.

Someone else taking over your account, e.g. to send scam messages to your friends.

Network ＋ etiquette: the politeness rules of online communication.

Repeatedly attacking, mocking or isolating someone through messages, photos or groups.

Everything you leave behind online; posted things are very hard to erase fully.

Attacking people with insulting words, fuelling ever bigger fights.

Blocking cuts the person off; reporting hands it to the platform or an adult.

Imagining how the other person feels — there is a real human behind every screen.

Someone who sees bullying happen; standing up for the victim and reporting can end it.

Publishing someone's personal details without consent — a serious form of online abuse.

The ability to find, judge and use information well.

Made-up information designed to mislead or farm clicks.

Where information comes from: official sites and institutions beat anonymous posts.

The creator's rights over their work; no copying or sharing without permission.

Passing off others' work as your own — pasting from the web into homework counts.

Every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet (6 m) away for 20 seconds.

Verifying information against official sites, reliable media and other trusted places.

The time spent on screens each day; set a limit and balance it with sport and rest.