Secondary 5 Geography

The process and outcome of choosing where to locate a factory, based on spatial cost-benefit calculations.

Conditions affecting site choice, such as raw materials, energy, market, labour, technology, transport, government policy and land.

Cost savings that arise when related industries cluster together, such as shared infrastructure and a pool of skilled workers.

The tendency of weight-losing industries to locate close to the raw material source.

The tendency of industries making perishable, fragile or weight-gaining products to locate near the market.

The spatial relationships between a factory and its upstream suppliers and downstream markets.

The price of using land, generally falling away from the city centre — a key location cost.

The education, skills and experience of workers — a key factor for high-tech industries.

Governments shape industrial location through special zones, tax incentives, industrial estates and infrastructure.

The whole system of inputs, production processes, outputs and marketing in industry.

The movement of industry from one place to another as costs, technology and policies change.

The cross-border division of labour in which Hong Kong took orders, design, quality control and marketing while the Pearl River Delta produced.

Areas designated from 1980 with tax and approval incentives to attract foreign investment and industry; Shenzhen was among the first.

The tendency of factories to stay put after their locational advantages fade, held by sunk investment, workers and infrastructure.

The growing integration of economies through trade, investment, technology and information flows.

A production model in which firms spread R&D, components, assembly and sales across the most advantageous locations in many countries.

A large firm operating production or business units in several countries, coordinating a global production chain.

A region of declining heavy industry with shuttered, rusting plants, such as the steel and car belt around the US Great Lakes.

The flow of technology and production know-how from firms in one place to those in another — a key impact of industrial shift.

Programmes helping displaced or unemployed workers learn new skills and move into other industries.

The increase of a city's population and the expansion of its built-up area.

The rising share of a country's or region's population living in urban areas, usually alongside urban growth.

Movement of people from the countryside to cities seeking jobs and better lives — a major driver of urban growth.

The movement of people and activities from the city centre to the suburban fringe.

The stage in which large cities decline and population flows out to remoter rural areas or small towns.

The process of drawing people back into the city through urban renewal and redevelopment.

The piecemeal absorption of farmland and green areas at the urban edge, often alongside sprawl.

Redeveloping dilapidated old districts and upgrading buildings, facilities and the environment.

Development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs, spanning economy, society and environment.

A fully planned, self-contained town with housing supported by jobs, transport and community facilities; Hong Kong's new towns house about 3.5 million people.

Problems of a growing city, grouped by the curriculum into housing, movement (transport) and environment.

Homes below basic living standards, such as subdivided flats and cubicle apartments.

The situation where transport demand exceeds road capacity, slowing speeds and delaying journeys.

How environmental quality affects residents' health, covering air, noise, waste and sanitation.

Government-built housing let at below-market rents or sold with subsidy; it homes about 30% of Hong Kong's population.

The process of zoning land uses and development intensity in advance and coordinating transport and facilities.

Policy tools protecting the natural environment and resources, such as pollution controls, protected areas and environmental impact assessment.

The statutory process of assessing a major project's environmental effects and requiring mitigation before approval.

Individuals and groups affected by or able to influence a decision — government, residents, developers, green groups and others.

Opposition among stakeholders over the allocation of resources, land and benefits — a common obstacle in solving urban problems.

A disaster in which severe, prolonged food shortage leaves large numbers of people without enough to eat, causing mass malnutrition and death.

The total food available to a region, shaped by local production, reserves and trade.

The condition of chronically lacking enough nutrients for health — famine's most direct consequence.

The degradation of land in arid and semi-arid areas, accelerated by overgrazing and overcultivation.

A farming way of life in which herders move with their livestock in search of pasture and water, common in the Sahel.

Grazing beyond the grassland's carrying capacity, preventing vegetation recovery and degrading land.

Farming that supplements rainfall with artificially conveyed water — the basis of Southern California's high output.

The whole farming system: inputs (labour, seeds, water, fertiliser) through production processes to outputs.

Natural conditions affecting farming — climate, soils, vegetation, relief — which set the basic possibilities.

Human conditions affecting farming — economy, society, politics and technology — whose influence keeps growing.

The agricultural transformation from the 1960s: high-yielding wheat and rice varieties plus fertiliser and irrigation, sharply raising grain output.

Manufactured nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients that rapidly restore soil fertility; overuse pollutes water and soil.

Chemicals controlling pests and diseases; residues and overuse harm ecosystems and human health.

Crops and foods carrying genes from other species for traits such as pest resistance and drought tolerance; their impacts are debated.

The removal of topsoil by wind and water, accelerated by overcultivation and the destruction of vegetation.

The variety of species and genes in an area; monoculture farming lowers on-farm biodiversity.

Growing more than one crop on the same field within a year to use sunlight and heat fully and raise total output.

Farming measures protecting soil and water, such as contour cultivation, terracing and tree planting.

Farming without synthetic fertilisers and pesticides, maintaining fertility through rotation and organic manure.

Emergency or long-term food support given to food-deficit regions as goods or funds.