Secondary 4 History

The government of colonial Hong Kong, headed by the Governor and advised by the Executive and Legislative Councils.

The highest official of colonial Hong Kong, appointed by the British Crown, holding executive and legislative power.

The Governor's policy-making advisory body, composed of official and unofficial members.

The colonial legislature, set up in 1843; its members moved from appointment to election over time.

A municipal body begun as the Sanitary Board in 1883 and reconstituted in 1936 with some elected seats.

District advisory bodies created in 1982 with mostly elected seats — a key step of representative government.

A system where members are returned by election; it developed step by step in Hong Kong from the 1980s.

Signed by China and Britain in 1984, confirming China's resumption of sovereignty over Hong Kong on 1 July 1997.

The constitutional document of the HKSAR, adopted by the NPC in 1990 and effective from 1 July 1997.

Electorates based on occupational and professional sectors; from 1985 they formed part of indirect LegCo elections.

Trade in which goods are shipped through a port to other markets — the lifeblood of early colonial Hong Kong.

A ban on trade with a place; the UN embargo on China in 1951 made Hong Kong's entrepot trade collapse.

The shift of an economy from trade to manufacturing, which Hong Kong achieved in the 1950s and 1960s.

Industries relying on large workforces, such as textiles, garments and plastics — the backbone of Hong Kong's industrial era.

Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea and Singapore — four export-led economies that grew rapidly from the 1960s to the 1980s.

The 1970s broadening of Hong Kong's economy from manufacturing into finance, property, shipping and tourism.

The currency regime adopted in 1983, pegging the Hong Kong dollar to the US dollar at 7.8 to 1.

The division of labour between Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta: Hong Kong took orders, designed and sold; the Delta manufactured.

Large planned communities such as Tsuen Wan, Sha Tin and Tuen Mun, developed from the 1970s for the growing population.

A hub of global finance with international banks and free capital flows — the status Hong Kong attained after the 1970s.

The reform movement of 1861–1895 led by Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and others, learning Western military and industrial technology.

The movement's guiding principle: keep Chinese institutions and culture while borrowing Western technology.

The institutional reform launched by the Guangxu Emperor with Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao in 1898, crushed by a coup after a hundred days.

The reforms from 1901 — abolishing the examinations, training a new army and preparing for constitutional government.

The revolution sparked by the Wuchang Uprising of 1911, leading to the Republic of China in 1912 and the Qing abdication.

The intellectual movement from 1915 championing democracy and science and promoting the vernacular language.

The nationwide patriotic movement of 1919 triggered by the Shandong question, both political protest and intellectual enlightenment.

The 1919 peace conference of the First World War victors, which transferred Germany's Shandong rights to Japan — the spark of May Fourth.

The 1935 currency unification by the Nanjing government, issuing legal-tender notes and aiding economic construction.

The process of a society moving from tradition to modernity, covering political institutions, economic structure and ideas.

The transitional policy of the early PRC with multiple economic sectors coexisting, preparing the move to socialism.

The 1953–1957 plan prioritising heavy industry, laying the initial foundation of industrialisation.

The 1953–1956 conversion of agriculture, handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce into public ownership.

The economic campaign launched in 1958; its sky-high targets and mass steel-making defied economic laws and brought grave difficulties.

The 1958 rural organisations combining government and production, practising collective work and living.

The political movement of 1966–1976 that gravely damaged social order, the economy and culture and education.

The December 1978 session that shifted the focus of work to economic construction and adopted reform and opening-up.

The farming system where households contract land, meet state and collective quotas, and keep the surplus.

The 1980 zones of Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen, attracting foreign capital and technology with favourable policies.

The reform goal set by the Fourteenth Congress in 1992, letting the market allocate resources under state macro-control.

The comprehensive reforms of the Meiji government from 1868 that turned Japan into a modern industrial power.

A core slogan of the Meiji reforms: build the economy and armed forces for national security.

The Meiji industrial policy: state-run model plants later sold to private business.

The Meiji current of adopting Western ideas, lifestyles and culture.

The 1889 constitution under which the emperor held sovereign power and the diet had limited powers.

The family conglomerates such as Mitsui and Mitsubishi that dominated the Japanese economy.

The 1910s–1920s era of party politics and the suffrage movement in Japan.

The constitutional arrangement placing the command of the armed forces directly under the emperor, beyond cabinet control — the institutional root of military dominance.

The ideology and system of military domination and armed expansion, which led Japan in the 1930s.

The 1931 seizure of Northeast China by the Kwantung Army after a staged explosion at Liutiaohu.

The governance of Japan in 1945–1952 by the Allied — mainly American — supreme command.

The clause of Japan's 1947 constitution renouncing war and the maintenance of war potential.

The occupation-era transfer of landlord land to tenants, creating a broad class of owner-farmers.

The US military's wartime purchases in Japan during the Korean War, which drove economic recovery.

Japan's fast-growth era of 1955–1973, with annual growth approaching ten per cent.

The 1985 accord in which five nations jointly pushed up the yen, later inflating the bubble economy.

The post-war global process by which colonies left their rulers and became independent states.

The pursuit of self-determination and independence — the driving force of Southeast Asia's independence movements.

The regional association founded by five states under the 1967 Bangkok Declaration, now with ten members.

The 1992 trade arrangement progressively cutting tariffs among ASEAN members.